Why do you want to have a child or children in the future?

GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY
AND GLOBAL
MIGRATION
 RURAL COMMUNITIES URBAN COMMUNITIES

● More children the better as to labor. ● Desire one or two children only as
partners are tied down with their
respective careers.

● Often welcome extra help in crp ● Have sight for long-term savings
cultivation. plans such as for their retirement,
healthcare, and future education of
their children.

● View multiple children and large ● Live on their own or move out from
family as critical investments. the place of the kinship.

● The basic family unit will deal with

life’s challenges on its own.
What is now the significance of this differing versions of
family life?
● Influences the economic and social policies that countries create regarding
their respective populations.
● In the 1980 UN report on urban and rural population growth, agricultural
population contained 85% of the world rural population in 1975 and was
projected to contain 90% by the end of the 20th century.
● But since then, it has declined. In 2011, global agricultural population is
accounted only for 37% of the total world population though it grew
numerically between 1980 to 2011 from 2.2 billion to 2.6 billion.
The Growth of Urban Population: Domestic Migration
● The growth of urban population is due to the combination of nathe natural
outcome of significant migration to the cities by the people seeking work in the
more modern sectors of society.
● This is largely happening in the developing countries where opportunities in
the urban areas are attracting people from the rural areas.
● By the start of 21st century, the world had become 44% urban. It corresponds
to 52% to 75% of the developed countries.
 The Growth of Urban Population: International Migration

● At the present, there are 191 million people live in countries other than their
own.
● The UN projects that over 2.2 million will move from the developing countries
to the First World countries
● Many are opening their countries to offset the effects of an aging population
but also seen as threat to the job market.
● Many citizens are urging their governments to implement stricter immigration
policies.
THE PERILS OF OVERPOPULATION
 URBANIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION

● Is the process through which cities ● The process of converting to a

grow, and higher and higher socioeconomic order in which
percentages of the populations industry is dominant (The Editors
comes to live in the city (National of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.).
Graphic, 2022).
1. FOOD SUPPLY SHORTAGES

● Thomas Malthus - written

the An Essay on the Principle
of Population (1798).
● The growth in population will
inevitably cut world food
supply by the middle of the
19th century
2. Global Environmental Disasters

● Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich revived

the ideas of Malthus in their The Population
Bomb in 1960s.
● Argued that overpopulation in the 1970s and
1980s will result to environmental
degradation around the globe that would lead
to food shortage and mass starvation.
● They proposed that countries like USA
should lead the promotion of the global
population control.
● Recommended from the bizarre to policy-
oriented to monetary incentives to institution-
building.
 Significance of Overpopulation

● The rate of global population increase was its highest between 1955 to 1975
when nations were finally back to normalcy after WWII.
● When population is decrease, important resources could be used for
economic progress and not be delivered or wasted to feeding more mouths.
● This became the basis of some governments to implement population control
programs and policies.
● In the mid-2oth century, Philippines, China, and India sought to lower birth
rates because unless resolve, the fee expansion of the family would lead to
widespread poverty, mass hunger, and political instability.
 Significance of Overpopulation

● The American policy journal, Foreign Affairs, had advocated the use of
contraception and sterilization as early as 1958, as the practical solutions to
global economic, social, and political problems.
● Advocates of population control promote for the universal access to
reproductive technologies and more importantly, giving women the right to
choose whether to have children or not.
● In Puerto Rico, reproductive health supporters regard their work as the task of
transforming their poor country in to a modern nation.
 Significance of Overpopulation

● Politics determine these birth control programs and policies.

● Developing countries is depicted as conservative when developed countries
defend their support in population control
● In China, there were 20 million violators of their one-child policy who were
forced for sterilization and in Vietnam and Mexico, a coercive mass
sterilization was conducted.
THE CRITIQUES OF POPULATION
CONTROL
What are the critiques?

1. Besty Hartmann disagrees with the supporters of neo-Malthusian theory and

accused governments of taking advantage on population control as a
“substitute for social justice and much-needed reforms - such as land
distribution, employment creation, provision of mass education and health
care, and emancipation”.
● The neo-Malthusian theory states that the use of contraception is essential
for the survival of the earth’s human population and that the growing
population can easily decreased the limited resources.
What are the critiques?

2. Others pointed out that in many countries in the 1960’s, population did not grow
fast and this growth “aided economic development by spurring technological and
institutional innovation and increasing the supply of human ingenuity”.
● They admitted that there was a shift in population from the rural to the urban
areas.
● They acknowledged also that while these megacities are now clusters in
which income disparities along with “transportation, housing, air pollution and,
waste management” are major problems, they also become at the same time,
“centers of economic growth and activity”.
What are the critiques?

3. A median of 29.4 years for females and 30.9 for males in the cities signifies a
young working population.
● It assures many states with a robust military force.
● This is also means productive capacities especially for regions like East Asia.
● The shift of population to higher working-age population during the period of
1965 and 1990 was believed to be a crucial factor of East Asia’s economic
growth
What are the critiques?

4. The population growth in fact stimulated “technological and institutional

innovation” and increased the “supply of human ingenuity”.
● The Malthusian nightmare can be prevented as reflected in agricultural
production advancement.
● The Green Revolution created high-yielding varieties of rice and other
cereals and, along with the development of new methods of cultivation,
increased yields globally, particularly in the developing countries.
● The global famine the that neo-Malthusians expected did not happened
instead, there was an increased in global grain production between 1950 and
1984.
What are the critiques?

5. Scholars and policymakers agree with the neo-Malthusians but they suggest
that if governments pursue population control programs, they must include “more
inclusive growth” and “greener economic growth”.
THE WOMEN AND THEIR
REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
What is the significance of the reproductive health policies?

● Women must have control whether they will have children or not or when if
population control and economic development were to reach their goals.
● With this power, women can be able to pursue their vocations or careers and
contribute to economic growth.
● Many countries with growing economy have been motivated to introduce or
strengthen their reproductive health laws, including abortion.
● In High-income First World nations and fast developing countries were able to
sustain growth in part because of these programs.
● Also, the more educated a woman is, the better are her intentions of
improving her economic status.
What is the significance of the reproductive health policies?

● Most countries implement reproductive health laws because they worry about
the health of the mother.
● In Bolivia, there was a decreased on average total fertility rate in 1960 to 2008
from 6.7to 3.46 after putting up a family planning program.
● Same pattern happened in Ghana after their government expanded the
reproductive health laws.
Critiques to this idea . . . . .

● Reproductive rights are just false front for abortion.

● It could endanger the life of the mother.
● Religious people even argue that the mother will be sent to hell and prevents
a new soul or baby to be born.
● An industrialized and developed country, however does not necessarily
assure with a pro-women reproductive regulations.
THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
 THE FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE

● Against any form of population control

because they are compulsory in nature
and it does not empower women.
● Believes that government’s assumptions
that overpopulation causes poverty and
environmental degradation is wrong.
● Argues that unequal distribution of wealth,
issues on health care, access to education
and gender equality are undermined.
● Asserts that there is a little evidence that
overpopulation is the reason behind
poverty and ecological devastation.
Read on the article found on the LMS of this lesson.
WHAT IS MIGRATION
 TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

Migration - is the movement of people or animals from one place to another.

● Internal Migration - refers to the movement of people from one are to another
within the country.
● International Migration - refers to the movement of people from one country
to another country.
1. Immigrants - those who move permanently to another country.
2. Workers who stay in another country for a fixed period of at least 6 months.
3. Illegal migrants
4. Petitioned migrants
5. Refugees or asylum-seekers - those who are “unable or unwilling to return
because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion.
● Immigration - is the process of moving in to other country.
● Emigration - is the process of moving out from the native country.
 ● 1970 (84m)
● 1975 (90m)
● 1980 (101m)
● 1985 (113m)
● 1990 (153m)
● 1995 (161m)
● 2000 (173m)
● 2005 (191m)
● 2010 (220m)
● 2015 (248m)
● 2019 (271m)

Source: Edmond, C. (2020). Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. We Forum. Retrieved on April 7, 2020.
● 50% of global migrants
have moved from
developing countries to
the developed ones.
● They contribute
anywhere from 40%-
80% of the labor force.
● Majority of the
migrants stay in the
cities - 92% in US,
95% in UK, and 99% in
Australia
 ● 1970 - 2.3%
● 1975 - 2.2%
● 1980 - 2.2%
● 1985 - 2.3%
● 1990 - 2.9%
● 1995 - 2.8%
● 2000 - 2.8%
● 2005 - 2.9%
● 2010 - 3.2%
● 2015 - 3.4%
● 2019 - 3.5%

Source: Edmond, C. (2020). Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. We Forum. Retrieved on April 7, 2020.
 ● 52% are male
while 48% are
female.
● Most of
international
migrants with
74% are of
working age
(24-64 years
old)

Source: Edmond, C. (2020). Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. We Forum. Retrieved on April 7, 2020.
Source: Edmond, C. (2020). Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. We Forum. Retrieved on April 7, 2020.
Source: Edmond, C. (2020). Global migration, by the numbers: who migrates, where they go and why. We Forum. Retrieved on April 7, 2020.
Are migrants assets or liabilities to national development?

● Anti-immigrant groups and nationalists argue that governments must control

legal immigration and put a stop to illegal entry of foreigners.
● Many of them are gaining influence through political leaders who share their
beliefs.
● For example, former US President Donald Trump attempted to ban travel into
the US of people form majority-Muslim countries even with proper
documentation.
● In 2011 Harvard Business School survey revealed that the “likelihood and
magnitude of adverse labor market effects for native from immigration are
substantially weaker than often perceived”.
● Native-born citizens still receive higher support compared to immigrants
(OECD, 2013).