Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) CHARACTERISTICS Single stranded RNA reverse transcriptase Envelope of phospholipid (has glycoprotein spikes termed gp120 Belongs to Type D Retrovirus

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

TRANSMISSION Route of HIV Transmission include: Intimate sexual contact- most dangerous is the anal receptive intercourse Breast milk Transplacental infection of a fetus Blood-contained needles Organ transplants Artificial insemination Blood transfusion

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

TRANSMISSION Requires transfer/ direct contact with infected body fluids Blood- contains 1000 to 100,000 infective viruses per milliliter Semen- contains 10 to 50 viruses per milliliter INCUBATION PERIOD Average of 8 years

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DISEASE Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections. HIV causes AIDS by damaging the immune system cells until the immune system can no longer fight off other infections that it would usually be able to prevent.

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) STAGES OF HIV INFECTION: 1. Category A- asymptomatic; may cause swollen lymph nodes 2. Category B- infections by the yeast Candida Albicans, which can appear in the mouth, throat, or vagina; whitish patches on the oral mucosa 3. Category C- This stage is clinical AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) TREATMENT

Azidothymidine, Didanosine (ddl), Zalcitabine (ddc) to inhibit viral replication Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART. Treatment of opportunistic infections depends on the organisms

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) PREVENTION

AWARENESS! All adolescents should have access to HIV screening Abstaining from sex or using safe-sex practices. HIV-infected women should avoid pregnancy. If an infected woman becomes pregnant, anti-HIV drugs are fairly effective at minimizing transmission. Also, caesarean delivery reduces the baby's risk of acquiring HIV infection. HIV-infected mothers should bottle-feed their babies

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B Virus
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VIRUS Incomplete circular double stranded DNA with lipid envelope and DNA polymerase; I Type one of the smallest enveloped animal viruses, with a virion diameter of 42 nm consists of a core particle which is made up of DNA and the core antigen (HBcAg). The envelope contains the surface antigen (HBsAg).

Hepatitis B Virus
TRANSMISSION Exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood. Possible forms include sexual contact, blood transfusions, re-use of contaminated needles & syringes, and vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth. INCUBATION PERIOD The incubation period before the appearance of symptoms averages about 12 weeks The range is about 4-26 weeks

Hepatitis B Virus
DISEASE Viral Hepatitis B or Serum Hepatitis
Infection of liver and blood characterized by weakness, nausea, joint pain, abdominal discomfort fever and jaundice that is likely to progress to severe liver damage

Hepatitis B Virus
PATHOGENESIS The hepatitis B virus primarily interferes with the functions of the liver by replicating in liver cell During HBV infection, the host immune response causes both hepatocellular damage and viral clearance. antigen nonspecific inflammatory cells can worsen the cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-induced immunopathology platelet activated at the site of infection facilitate the accumulation of CTLs into the liver.

Hepatitis B Virus
RELEVANCE TO DENTISTRY Instances of transmission to patients by dentists and surgeons Failure to sterilize needles (intravenous drugs) Dentists who are in daily contact with blood have a considerably higher incidence of HBV than members of general population.

Hepatitis B Virus
TREATMENT It does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously. Drugs can stop the virus from replicating, and prevent liver damage such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Treatments include antiviral drugs such as lamivudine, adefovir and entecavir, and immune system modulators such as interferon alpha.

Hepatitis B Virus
PREVENTION Avoid: unprotected sexual contact blood transfusions re-use of contaminated needles and syringes, transmission during child birth Infants may be vaccinated at birth

Hepatitis B Virus
PREVENTION Hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine confers active immunity Hepatitis B immunoglobulin confers passive immunity

Hepatitis B Virus

Hepatitis B Virus

Leptospira Interrogans

Leptospira Interrogans
CHARACTERISTICS Obligate aerobe spirochete Gram-negative-like cell envelope consisting of a cytoplasmic and outer membrane. 2 flagella of Leptospira extend from the cytoplasmic membrane into the periplasmic space; necessary for the motility of Leptospira. Slow growing in culture Survives in a moist environment for weeksmonths

Leptospira Interrogans
HABITAT & TRANSMISSION Wild and domestic animals Direct contact of the skin, esp. open wounds with water, moist soil or vegetation contaminated with rat urine

Leptospira Interrogans
DISEASE Leptospirosis- infection of organs, including liver and kidney, due to immunopathologic reaction against pathogen characterized by:
Flu-like symptoms Jaundice Organ damage

Leptospira Interrogans
PATHOGENESIS No toxins or virulence known Occurs as an initial bacterimic phase subsequent immunopathologic consequences in kidney and liver INCUBATION PERIOD 7-19 days, with average of 10 days.

Leptospira Interrogans
TREATMENT treatment of leptospirosis involves high doses of antibiotics: Penicillin G or Tetracycline PREVENTION Rat control Vaccination of domestic pets Doxycycline for short-term exposure

petechial rash

conjunctival suffusion