ENERGY AND EXERGY

ANALYSIS OF BIOMASS
INTEGRATED GASIFICATION
COMBINED CYCLE (BIGCC)

Dhananjay Raj 19PKPM805

Mohd. Faisal 19PKPM812
Introduction
 Biomass has great potential as a renewal and clean
energy for producing electricity from combined
cycle.
 Biomass gasification involves the production of
gaseous fuels by partial oxidation of solid fuel.
 Gasification is a degradation process consisting of
a sequence of thermal and thermochemical
processes.
 The gasification of biomass is an attractive
technology for combined heat and power
production.
Renewable Energy Resources
Availabilty across the world [1]
Gross Residual availability from crop production in
india [1]
Two major groups of Biomass [2]
IGCC Systems
 IGCC is an acronym for Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle.
 The major purpose of IGCC is to use hydrocarbon fuels
in solid or liquid phases to produce electrical power in a
cleaner and more efficient way via gasification,
compared to directly combusting the fuels.
 The ultimate goal for IGCC is to achieve a lower cost
of electricity (COE) than conventional pulverized coal
(PC) power plants and/or to be competitive with natural
gas-fired combined-cycle systems with comparable
emissions.
Integrated Gasification
Combined Cycle Power Plant[3]
Types of Gasifier [3]

1. Downdraft Gasifiers
 The downdraft (also known as co-current) gasifier is the
most common type of gasifier
 The flow of air and gas is downwards (hence the name)
through the combustion and reduction zones. The term co-
current is used because air moves in the same direction as
that of fuel, downwards.
 A downdraft gasifier is so designed that tar, which is
produced in the pyrolysis zone, travels through the
combustion zone, where it is broken down or burnt. As a
result, the mixture of gases in the exit stream is relatively
clean
Updraft Gasifier
 In updraft gasifiers (also known as counter-
current), air enters from below the grate and flows
upwards, whereas the fuel flows downwards.
 An updraft gasifier has distinctly defined zones for
partial combustion, reduction, pyrolysis, and
drying.
 The resulting combustible producer gas is rich in
hydrocarbons (tars) and, therefore, has a higher
calorific value, which makes updraft gasifiers
more suitable where heat is needed, for example
in industrial furnaces.
Fluidized Bed Gasifiers
 In fluidized bed gasifiers, the biomass is brought
into an inert bed of fluidized material (e.g. sand,
char, etc.).
 The fuel is fed into the fluidized system either
above-bed or directly into the bed, depending upon
the size and density of the fuel and how it is
affected by the bed velocities.
 During normal operation, the bed media is
maintained at a temperature between 550 °C and
1000 °C.
Entrained-flow gasifiers
 In entrained-flow gasifiers, fuel and air are
introduced from the top of the reactor, and
fuel is carried by the air in the reactor.
 The operating temperatures are 1200–1600
°C and the pressure is 20–80 bar.
 Entrained-flow gasifiers can be used for
any type of fuel so long as it is dry (low
moisture) and has low ash content.
 Due to the short residence time (0.5–4.0
seconds), high temperatures are required
for such gasifiers.
Advantages and disadvantages
of different Gasifier types [1]
Reactions involved in a
gasification process at 298K and
1atm [8]
 Heterogeneous reactions:
1. C(s) + ½ O2 → CO ∆H = -110.5 MJ/kmol
2. C(s) + CO2 → 2CO ∆H = +172.0 MJ/kmol
(Gasification, Reverse Boudouard Reactions)
3.
4. C(s) + H2O (g) → CO + H2 ∆H = +131.4 MJ/kmol (Steam-
Char Gasification)
5.  
6. C + 2H2 → CH4, ∆H = -87.4 MJ/kmol (Hydrogasification,
Direct Methanation)
7.
Homogeneous reactions:
 CO + ½ O2 → CO2 ∆H = -283.1 MJ/kmol
 CO + H2O (g) → CO2 + H2 ∆H = -41.0 MJ/kmol
(Water-gas shift)
 CO + 3H2 → CH4 + H2O ∆H = -205.7 MJ/kmol
(Methanation)
 CHmOnNoSpClq → aCO+ bH2+ cCH4+ dC2H2+ eN2+ fHCl+
gH2S+ hCO
(Volatile cracking)
 CH4+ ½ O2 → CO + 2H2 ∆H = -35.7MJ/kmol (Volatiles
gasification via CH4)
 C2H2 + O2 → 2CO + H2 ∆H = -447.83 MJ/kmol (Volatiles
gasification via C2H2)
 H2 + ½ O2 → H2O ∆H = -242MJ/kmol
Characterstics of Some Commercial Gasifiers
Design and Calculation [4]
The general chemical formula for biomass
feedstocks given by Ca0Ha1Oa2Na3The global
gasification reaction in the biomass gasifier can be
written as:
Ca0Ha1Oa2Na3 + wH2O + a4(O2 + 3.76N2) +
a5H2O→b1CH4 + b2CO+b3CO2 + b4H2 +
b5H2O+b6N2

For every single atom of carbon in fuel, the

coefficient a1 becomes one.
Cont…
 Thecoefficients a2, a3, and a4 are the H/C, O/C, and
N/C mole ratios, respectively
Cont…
Cont…
Now our general equation of biomass become
C1H1.56O0.52N0.088 + 0.24H2O + 0.084(O2 + 3.76N2) +
1.284H2O→b1CH4 + b2CO+b3CO2 + b4H2 +
b5H2O+b6N2
Taking atom balances on carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen
C balance: 1 = b1 + b2 + b3
H balance: 1.56 + 2*1.284 = 4b1 + 2b4 + 2b5
O balance: 0.52 + 2*0.084 + 1.284 = b2 + 2b3 + b5
N balance: 0.088 + 2(3.76) 0.084 = 2b₆
Cont…
There are six unknowns and four equations, so there
is a need for two equations developed from
equilibrium reactions.
Methane reforming CH₄+ H₂O = CO+ 3H₂
Water shift reaction CO + H₂O = CO2+ H₂

 b₃, b₄, b₅, b₆ are converted in terms of the

coefficient b₁ and b₂
 Values are substitute in the equation of k1 and k2
Cont…
k₁ = b1/b42
k2 = b₃b₄/b₂b₅
As we know that equilibrium constant depends on
temperature
So, formula of calculaiting k₁ and k2
Cont…

Now the values of k₁ and k2 are

Gasifier Temperature and are 784.0485K and 6bar

Cont…
 The simplification of equation k₁ forms a quadratic
equation in terms of b1 and b₂ represented by the
function f (b1, b₂), similarly the simplification of the
equation of k₂ forms another function represented by
g(b1, b₂).
 A numerical method is used to solve the b1 and b2
from the above two equilibrium constant equations.
Therefore, approximate initial values of b1 and b2 are
taken to start the iteration of the numerical method. By
Taylor’s series expansion method
Cont…

 The values of h and k are the desired degree of

accuracy in the coefficients of b1 and b2,
respectively. In the above equations fo= f (b1 ,b2)
and go=g (b1 ,b2), respectively are solved to get the
values of h and k. If the desired degree of accuracy
is not obtained, this iteration is repeated with the
new values for the coefficients. They are as follows:
Cont…

 This is repeated up to the desired accuracy. All the

six coefficients _b1-b6__ in the partial oxidation
reaction are calculated by the iteration.
Cont…
Cont…
Cont…
Refrences
[1] Y.A.Situmorang, Z.Zhao, A.Yoshida and A.Abudula, “Small-scale
biomass gasification systems for power generation (<200kW class): A
review, “Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,no.117,2020.
[2] P.Basu, Biomass Gasification, Pyrolysis, and Torrefaction, Practical
Design and Theory, 2nd ed., London:Academic Press,Elsevier,2013.
[3] M.Parvez, “Investigation on thermodynamics behaviour of apple
juice waste and sugarcane bagasse gasified fuelled combined cycle
power generation system, “Biofuels,2017.
[4] T.Srinivasan, A.V.S.S.K.S.Gupta, B.V.Reddy,
“Thermodynamic Equilibrium Model and Exergy Analysis of
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031801-1,2009.
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 [9] V. Henry and Q. Krigmont, "Integrated
biomass gasification combined cycle (IBGCC)
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cleaner future," Allied Environmental
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of ASME Turbo Expo, New York, 2003.
 [11] D. Souza and M. Santos, "A feasibility study of
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78, p. 529–538, 1999.
[12] K. Ptasinski, M. Prins and A. Pierik, "Exergetic
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