Crystal Geometry

Crystal Geometry

•Crystal
•Lattice
•Motif
•Unit cell
•7 Crystal Systems
•14 Bravais Lattices
•Miller Indices
Crystal
A three dimensional periodic arrangements of atoms
Lattice?
A three dimensional periodic arrangements of
points in space (Geometrical Concept)
 Relationship between Crystal
and Lattice?

Crystal = Lattice + Motif (or) Basis

Motif
An atom or group of atoms associated with
each lattice points is called a motif or basis of
the crystal
Lattice Translation:

Any vector from one lattice point to another point is

called lattice translation.
Unit Cell:
•small repeating entity of the atomic structure.

•A region of Space which can generate the entire lattice (or)

crystal by repetition through lattice translation

•Commonly, unit cell is a Parallelogram in 2D (or) a

parallelepiped in 3D with corners at lattice points

•Primitive and Non – Primitive unit cell

Primitive and Non – Primitive unit cell

Primitive: Lattice points only at the corners of the cell

Non - Primitive: Lattice points at its corners as well as at some
other points.
Crystal Coordinate system

Select a corner of the unit cell as origin.

The vector from the corner along the edges of the unit
cell define basis vector of lattice.
Lattice Parameters:
The lengths of three edges of the unit cell (or of the three
basis vector) and the three inter axial angles between
them are called the lattice parameter,
Classification of lattice

•7 crystal system
•14 Bravais lattice system
7 Crystal Systems
7 Crystal Systems
14 Bravais lattice system
14 Bravais lattice system
14 Bravais lattice system
Cubic Crystal Structures
No of Atoms / unit cell in SC, BCC, FCC?
No of Atoms / unit cell in SC, BCC, FCC?
Relationship between Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameter
SC:
Relationship between Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameter

FCC:
Relationship between Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameter

FCC:
Relationship between Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameter

BCC:
Relationship between Atomic Radius and Lattice Parameter

BCC:
Crystallography Points,
Directions and Planes
Crystallography Point Coordinates:
Crystallography Point Coordinates:
Crystallography Point Coordinates:
Crystallography Points:
Crystallography Points:
Crystallography Point Coordinates:
Crystallography Direction :
Direction A

Miller indices for Direction A = [ 100 ]

[u v w]
Crystallography Direction :
Direction B

Miller indices for Direction B = [ 111 ]

[u v w]
Crystallography Direction :
Direction C

Miller indices for Direction C = [1 2 2 ]

[u v w]
Crystallography Direction :
Find the Miller indices for given direction:
Equivalency of crystallographic direction
Equivalency of crystallographic direction
Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic Planes
Crystallographic Planes
Crystal Imperfection / Defects:
⮚ Deviations from crystalline perfection
⮚ All solids contain large numbers of various defects or
imperfections.

• Point defects (one or two atomic positions)

• Linear (one-dimensional) defects
❖ Cracks
• Surface (two-dimensional) defects
❖ Interfacial defects / boundaries ( Area defects)
• Volume (three-dimensional) defects
❖ Porosity, blowholes
Point Defects:

• Missing of one Atom

• Reason for distortion / Metal forming
• Cannot produce component with free from point defect
Point Defects:
Point Defects:
Interstitial Defects:

• Point defect produced when an atom is placed into the crystal at a

site that is normally not a lattice point.
Point Defects:
Substitutional Defect:

• A point defect produced when an atom is removed from a regular

lattice point and replaced with a different atom, usually of a
different size.
Point Defects:
Frenkel defect Schottky defect

Frenkel defect - A pair of point defects produced when an ion

moves to create an interstitial site, leaving behind a vacancy.

Schottky defect - A point defect in ionically bonded materials. In

order to maintain a neutral charge, a stoichiometric number of
cation and anion vacancies must form.
Dislocation:
a linear or one-dimensional defect
Edge Dislocation:
An extra portion of a plane of atoms, or half-plane,
the edge of which terminates within the crystal.
Dislocation:
Screw Dislocation:

• Formed by a shear stress that is applied to produce the distortion

• Upper front region of the crystal is shifted one atomic distance to the right relative to
the bottom portion. The atomic distortion associated with a screw dislocation is also
linear and along a dislocation line
Screw Dislocation Vs Edge Dislocation:
Grain Boundaries
 Volume defects
1.Cracks
2.Porosity
3.Inclusions