LINE OF SIGHT

CURVATURE
CORRECTIO
LEVEL LI N
NE

The vertical distance between the line of sight and the level line at a

perpendicular place is called the curvature correction.

Curvature correction is always subtractive (i.e, negative)

 D
Line of sight

B A

C
Level Line R
R
O
D= the length of the sight or the distance from the instruments to the staff station in kilometers

BC= error due to curvature.

O= the center of the earth.

D
R= the radius of the earth.
B A
By Geometry,

BO2 = AB2 + OA2,…………. Here BO = BC + CO C

= Cc + R R
R
O
(Cc + R)2 = D2 + R2

R2 + 2RCc +Cc2 = R2 + D2

Cc2 Is neglected as it is very small in comparison C theDdiameter

toc= 2 of the earth.
2𝑅
 D2
C c=
2𝑅

D2
C c= DIAMETER OF EARTH = 2R = 12742 Km
12742

C c = 0.0785 D 2 m Negative

True staff reading = observed staff reading – curvature correction

 REFRACTION CORRECTION

According law of physics that rays of light passing through layers of different densities do

not remain straight but are refracted or bent down towards the denser medium.

1 D2
C r= 𝑋
7 2𝑅

0.0785 D2

0.0112 D2 m ….. Possitive

True staff reading = observed staff reading + Refraction correction

COMBINED CORRECTION

Combined Correction = Curvature Correction + Refraction Correction

Combined Correction = - 0.0785 D2 + 0.0112D2

Combined Correction = - 0.0673 D2 m Negative

True staff reading = observed staff reading - Combined correction

=-
VISIBLE HORIZON DISTANCE

D
A
h
h
h = 0.0673 D2 m D=
0.0673
A lamp at the top of a lighthouse is visible just above the
horizon from a station at sea level. The distance of the
lamp from the station is 30 km. find the height of the
lighthouse?
D = 30 Km A

h
 A Level set up at a point 150m from A and 100m from B: the observed
staff readings at A & B are 2.525 and 1.755 respectively. Find the true
difference of level between A and B?

100 C 150
1.755 A 2.525
BCORRECTION AT A = 0.0673 X ()2 = 0.0015

CORRECTION AT B = 0.0673 X ()2 = 0.0007

A man on the deck of a ship observes a luminous object, which is 50m

above sea level. If the man’s eye-level is 10 m above sea level, find the

distance between him and the object?

A man at a position 10 m above sea level observes the peak of a hill. The

distance between the man and hill is 80 km. find the height of the hill?
Sensitivity of the bubble:-