PHOTOSYNTHESIS

AND
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
 Organism must regenerate ATP to continue their
metabolic activities. There are three basic
mechanism an organism may use to generate ATP.
MECHANISMS OF ATP GENERATION
 Substrate-level phosphorylation. An enzyme
transfers a phosphate group from a donor
molecule( the substrate) to ADP to form ATP.
 Oxidation phosphorylation- high-energy electrons
are obtained by oxidation of organic compounds,
passed down to electron transport chain.
 Photophosphorylation- low energy are raised to
higher energy by light, passed down to electron
transport chain.
ATP-ADP CYCLE

 ATP is the energy currency used throughout the

cell. ATP is composed of phosphate groups, a
adenosine and ribose.

ATP + H₂O = ADP + PO4-

ATP is
manufactured
during various
processes such as
fermentation,
cellular
respiration, and
photosynthesis.
The cells utilize
ADP as a starting
molecule, then
add phosphorus to
it.
 When large molecules are consumed by an organism
for example carbohydrates and lipids, these
molecules are broken down into simple
derivatives.
 The new molecule that received the phosphate
group is said to be phosphorylated. The
phosphorylated molecule, being unstable, releases
the energy again which the bond-braking and bond-
making cycle.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glucose is broken down by a series of reactions in
the cytoplasm of a cell in the process called
glycolysis. Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid
which can enter either through aerobic respiration
or anaerobic respiration.
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Pyruvic acid molecules enter the mitochondria and
through a series of chemical reactions known as
the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) via electron
transport chain.
 Pyruvic acids is converted to carbon dioxide.
 electron transport chain accepts the electron
from the breakdown products of the kreb’s cycle
and glycolysis via the NADH and FADH2.
 At the end of the chain, the electrons are
combined with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen
to form water. This process can produce ATP.
 During this process, the glucose molecules is
broken down and the carbon atoms released from
glucose are combined with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
 Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid. There is a
production of two ATP molecules for each glucoses
molecules.
 Sugar is broken down into carbon dioxide and
water. Transformation of glucose results in the
production of some ATPs.
 the sugar carried in the ETC by electron
carriers, NAD+ and FAD. These carrier later
become NADH and FADH2 when they gain electron.
https://youtu.be/ZkqEno1r2jk
 Two molecules of ATP are used to phosphorylate
and change glucose to 3-C molecule glyceraldehyde
3- phosphate (G3P). Then. G3P will be oxidized to
form pyruvate.
PROCESSES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
 The
process of
starch and
glycogen
into
glucose
called
glycolysis
.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Autotrophic organisms use the pigment chlorophyll
to harvest solar energy to produce the stored
energy as chemical bonds of ATP and carbohydrates.
 Chlorophyll is associated with thylakoid membranes
of the chloroplast.
1. Energy absorption from sunlight via pigment
during light-dependent reaction.
2. Reactivation of reaction centers
3. Carbohydrates production by carbon fixation
during dark reaction.
ENERGY ABSORPTION & REACTIVATION
 Pigments that trap sunlight are located in the
chloroplasts of eukaryotic organisms. The site
where conversion of the trapped light energy
occurs is the thylakoid membrane.
 The absorption of photon by chlorophyll molecules
results in an “excited state” wherein the
electrons move to a higher energy level.
 The conversion of light energy to chemical energy
in the photosynthesis embedded in the thylakoid
membrane, that is, photosystem II (PSII) and
photosystem I (PSI).
 The two complexes differ on the basis of what
they oxidize and what they reduce.
 Antenna proteins are present in both
photosynthesis. Chlorophyll molecules are bound
around these antenna proteins surrounding the
reaction center.
 A light-harvesting complex is also present to
pass the energy from the sun to the reaction
center. This contains of pigments such as 300-
400 chlorophyll a and b molecules.
 The specialized point in the chlorophyll molecule
is known as the reaction center. The reaction
center contains specialized molecule (P680 in
PSII and P700 in PSI) which unlike other
molecules, releases the excited electron rather
than simply transfer the energy. The released
electron is taken by an electron acceptor which
creates a charge gradient across the thylakoid
membrane.
 The P680 and P700 are changed to a net positive
charge, an electron donor acts on these PSII and
PSI to return to its original state.
 The donor in the PSII is neutralized by electron
removal from H20 which produces O2 and four
protons for every four electrons displaced in the
reaction center.