HEAT TRANSFER

AND
MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of science
and engineering that deals with interaction
of energy mainly in the forms of heat and
work.
It is concerned with thermal behaviour of
matter and its interaction with other
physical and chemical behaviour of matter.
 Thermodynamics Terminology
• Mass is a measure of the amount of material
in an object, being directly related to the
number and type of atoms present in the
object
• Force is a measure of the interaction
between bodies. It takes a number of forms
including short-range atomic forces,
electromagnetic, and gravitational forces.
Force is a vector quantity, with both
direction and magnitude.
• Pressure is defined as force per unit area.
Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied
perpendicular to the surface of an object per
unit area over which that force is distributed.
(1 Pa=1N/m^2)
• Volume is the quantity of three-dimensional
space enclosed by a closed surface, for
example, the space that a substance
(solid, liquid,gas, or plasma) or shape
occupies or contains
• System The region that can be separated from
everything else by a well defined
boundary/surface or it is fixed quantity of
matter. The surface separating the system and
the surroundings is known as the control system
or system boundary.
The control surface may be movable or fixed.
Everything beyond the system is surroundings.
• Closed system(Mass fixed , heat can flow)
• Open system(Mass and heat can flow)
• Isolated system(Neither heat nor mass can
flow)
• State At any instant of time the condition of
a system is called state.
State is defined by the properties of the system such as
pressure, volume, temperature etc.
Value of such properties depend upon state not on the history
of the system.

• Extensive properties- Depends upon size or extent of the

system.(Volume, energy, mass, entropy)
• Intensive properties- Independent of size or extent of the
system.(Pressure , temperature)
• Change in state Thermodynamics systems
undergoes changes due to flow of mass and
energy.
Isobaric process- constant pressure
Isochoric process- constant volume
Isothermal process- constant temperature
Adiabatic process- constant entropy
The path is loci of series of state changes
from initial to final state during a process.
The processes in which initial and final states
are same are called Thermodynamic cycles.
• Process Two states are identical if the
properties of the two states are same. When
any property of a system changes in value
there is a change in state , and system is
said to undergo a process.
When a system undergo sequence of
processes and return to its initial state ,it is
said to have undergone a cycle
• Phase It refers to the quantity of matter that
is homogeneous throughout in its chemical
composition and physical structure.
A system can contain one or more phases.
A mixture of water vapours has two phases.
• Equilibrium
Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic
study of transformations of matter and energy in
systems in terms of a concept
called thermodynamic equilibrium. The word
equilibrium implies a state of balance.
It includes the balance of thermal , pressure and
phase equilibrium.
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two
systems, A and B, are in thermal equilibrium with a third
system, C, then A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
eg:- Cup of tea kept in open surrounding attains temperature of
surrounding.
• Quasi static process When a process
proceed in such a way that the system
remains close to an equilibrium state all the
time.
In thermodynamics, a quasi-static process is
a thermodynamic process that happens
slowly enough for the system to remain in
internal equilibrium. 
• Temperature It is a property of a substance
by which it can be differentiated from other
substances in term of degree of hot or cold,
Celsius and kelvin scale
⁰C = ⁰K-273.15

Rankine and Fahrenheit scales

⁰R= 1.8 ⁰K
⁰F=⁰R-459.67
⁰F= 1.8⁰C+32
• Internal energy It is the total energy of the
system. It is the sum of KE, PE, chemical,
electrical and all other forms of energy
possessed by atoms and molecules of the
system.
It can be stored in the following forms
• KE of molecules
• Molecular vibrations and rotations
• Chemical bonds
• PE of the system
• Work It may be defined as any quantity of
energy that flows across the boundary
between the system and surroundings.
• Heat is energy that spontaneously passes
between a system and its surroundings in
some way other than through work or the
transfer of matter. When a suitable physical
pathway exists, heat flows spontaneously
from a hotter to a colder body.
• Enthalpy a thermodynamic quantity
equivalent to the total heat content of a
system. It is equal to the internal energy of
the system plus the product of pressure and
volume.
h= u+PV
Understanding Heat Transfer,
Conduction, Convection and
Radiation
 Heat Transfer
• Heat always moves from a warmer place to
a cooler place.
• Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to
room temperature.
• Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up
to room temperature.
 Question
• If a cup of coffee and a red popsickle were
left on the table in this room what would
happen to them? Why?
• The cup of coffee will cool until it reaches
room temperature. The popsickle will melt
and then the liquid will warm to room
temperature.
 Heat Transfer Methods
• Heat transfers in three ways:
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
 Formula of Conduction

K= Thermal Conductivity in W/m K

Q = Heat transfer in W
T1 = Inner surface temp. in K

T2 = Outer surface temp. in K

X = Thickness in metres.
Metals are different

The outer e______

lectrons of metal atoms
drift, and are free to move.

When the metal is

heated, this ‘sea of
inetic
electrons’ gain k_____
energy and transfer it
throughout the metal.

Insulators, such as w___

ood and p____,
lastic do not
have this ‘sea of electrons’ which is why they
do not conduct heat as well as metals.
Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they
are both at the same temperature?

Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal

conducts the heat away from your hands. Wood
does not conduct the heat away from your hands as
well as the metal, so the wood feels warmer than
the metal.
Convection
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a
gas when you heat them?

The particles spread out and

become less dense.

.
Formula of Convection
h convection heat transfer coefficient,
W/m2 · °C
As the surface area through which
convection heat transfer takes place
Ts the surface temperature
T the temperature of the fluid sufficiently
far from the surface.
Fluid movement

Cooler, more d____,

ense fluids
sink through w_____,
armer less
dense fluids.

In effect, warmer liquids and

gases r___
ise up.

Cooler liquids and gases s___.

ink
Water movement

Cools at the Convection

surface current

Cooler Hot water

water sinks rises
Why is it windy at the seaside?
Cold air sinks

Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
The third method of heat transfer

How does heat energy get

from the Sun to the Earth?
There are no particles
between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.

RADIATION
?
Formula for Radiation

 = 5.670  108 W/m2 · K4 Stefan–

Boltzmann constant
Radiation

Radiation travels in straight lines

True/False
Radiation can travel through a vacuum
True/False
Radiation requires particles to travel
True/False
Radiation travels at the speed of light
True/False
Emission experiment
Four containers were filled with warm water. Which
container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?

Dull metal Shiny black

Shiny metal Dull black

shiny metal container would be the warmest after ten

The __________
radiation back
minutes because its shiny surface reflects heat _______
dull black container
into the container so less is lost. The ________
emitting heat
would be the coolest because it is the best at _______
radiation.
Absorption experiment
Four containers were placed equidistant from a heater. Which
container would have the warmest water after ten minutes?

Dull metal Shiny black

Shiny metal Dull black

dull black container would be the warmest after ten

The __________
radiation the best.
minutes because its surface absorbs heat _______
shiny metal container would be the coolest because it is
The _________
the poorest at __________
absorbing heat radiation.
Convection questions

Why does hot air rise and cold air sink?

Cool air is more dense than warm air, so the
cool air ‘falls through’ the warm air.

Why are boilers placed beneath hot water

tanks in people’s homes?

Hot water rises.

So when the boiler heats the water, and the hot water
rises, the water tank is filled with hot water.
Radiation questions

Why are houses painted white in hot countries?

White reflects heat radiation and keeps the house cooler.

Why are shiny foil blankets wrapped around marathon

runners at the end of a race?

The shiny metal reflects the heat radiation from the runner
back in, this stops the runner getting cold.
1. Which of the following is not a
method of heat transfer?

A. Radiation
B. Insulation
C. Conduction
D. Convection
2. In which of the following are
the particles closest together?

A. Solid
B. Liquid
C. Gas
D. Fluid
3. How does heat energy reach
the Earth from the Sun?

A. Radiation
B. Conduction
C. Convection
D. Insulation
4. Which is the best surface for
reflecting heat radiation?

A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black
5. Which is the best surface for
absorbing heat radiation?

A. Shiny white
B. Dull white
C. Shiny black
D. Dull black