This Is A Self-Explaining Powerpoint Presentation by DR Mouton (No Voice Narration)

This is a self-explaining PowerPoint presentation by Dr Mouton (no voice narration)
Slowly work your way through this presentations on ‘Slide Show view’ and make sure that you understand all the concepts on the
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1
Biodiversity and the Tree of Life
What must I learn in this lesson?
 What is the most prominent difference between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cells?
 The Tree of Life, including the domains and kingdoms.
 The most prominent features of each domain and kingdom or

group.
 What are phylogenetic trees and what do they show us?
 In which domain and kingdom are the following organisms

classified? Dogs, Escherichia coli, mushrooms, sunflowers.
There is an astounding diversity of living

organisms on Earth. Also, a large number of
species have already gone extinct. Biologists
study the evolutionary relationships between
these organisms. They develop classification
systems to keep track of these evolutionary
lineages.
So, how do we classify living organisms?
Traditionally, scientists defined species and then

grouped them into successively, more inclusive
hierarchical categories.

A species is a group in which the individuals are

so similar (structure, biochemistry and
behaviour) that they can successfully interbreed.
A genus is a group of similar species that shares

characteristics and a recent common ancestry.

Related genera then group into a family, related

families into an order, related orders into a class,
related classes into a phylum, related phyla into a
kingdom. Recently, domains were added to be
the most inclusive grouping in biology.
Since the late 20th century, biologists started

using the nucleotide sequences in the DNA of
organisms to determine their evolutionary
lineages. This makes it possible to construct
phylogenetic trees which are basically
illustrations of evolutionary pathways through
which species appeared. These new techniques
basically run parallel to the traditional
hierarchical classification system.
Since the late 20th century, biologists started

using the nucleotide sequences in the DNA of
organisms to determine their evolutionary
lineages. This makes it possible to construct
phylogenetic trees which are basically
illustrations of evolutionary pathways through
which species appeared. These new techniques
basically run parallel to the traditional
hierarchical classification system.
Phylogenetic trees provide significantly more

information than the traditional hierarchical
classification. They can reveal
• when evolutionary events occurred
• and which ancestors gave rise to which

descendants.
This is a phylogenetic tree that
represents all life on Earth, the so-
called Tree of Life. It distinguishes three
domains:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
This is a phylogenetic tree that
represents all life on Earth, the so-
called Tree of Life. It distinguishes three
domains:
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• Eukarya
Each domain represents a major

trunk on the Tree of Life and
includes a group of organisms
with unique characteristics.
Firstly, we need to distinguish between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes …
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
In these organisms, the In these organisms, the
DNA is suspended DNA is enclosed in a
inside the cell (the nucleus by the nuclear
nucleoid), without envelope. The nucleus
being separated from is therefore a separate
other cellular structure inside the
components, thus no cell.
nuclear envelope.
The domains
Bacteria and
Archaea
contain
prokaryotic
organisms. The domain
Eukarya
includes all
eukaryotic
organisms.
Let’s take a
The domains closer look
Bacteria and at these two
Archaea prokaryotic
contain domains
prokaryotic first ….
organisms.
Domain Bacteria
• These are unicellular (one-celled) organisms.
• They are only visible under a microscope.
• Bacteria can live as producers, consumers or decomposers, and are
found almost everywhere on Earth.
• These organisms have a relatively simple cellular organization in terms
of internal structures and DNA.
• Metabolically, this is the most diverse group.
• Some groups of bacteria have unique structural molecules and
mechanisms of photosynthesis.
http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/12/black-death-genome-sequenced-dna
Domain Archaea
• These organisms are similar to bacteria because the are also unicellular
and may live as producers or decomposers.
• Many Achaeans inhabit EXTREME environments, e.g. hot springs,
extreme salty ponds or habitats with little or no oxygen.
• Some Achaeans have distinctive structural molecules and a primitive
form of photosynthesis (unique).
• Although they are prokaryotic, these organisms have some molecular
and biochemical traits typical of eukaryotes, including DNA and RNA
structure and protein synthesis (process).
https://medium.com/hhmi-science-media/microbes-101-archaea-8148b5f45bda
The domain Eukarya
is further divided
into three kingdoms:
• Fungi
• Animalia
• Plantae
+ a group, called the

protists.
The domain Eukarya
is further divided
into three kingdoms:
• Fungi
• Animalia
• Plantae
This group is
+ a group, called the not a kingdom
protists. because the
organisms in
this group do
not share a
common
ancestor.
The ‘Protists’
Domain Eukarya
The ‘Protists’
• This is a diverse group of single-celled and multi-cellular eukaryotes.
• This group is not a kingdom, because they do not share a unique
common ancestry.
• The most common protists are the ‘protozoans’ who are primarily uni-
cellular, and the algae that vary from being unicellular to large multi-
cellular seaweeds.
• Protozoans live as consumers and decomposers, while algae are
photosynthetic producers.
https://medium.com/hhmi-science-media/microbes-101-protists-6470a5e24564
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Plantae
• Plants are multi-cellular organisms.
• They carry out photosynthesis with very few exceptions.
• They are the producers in ecosystems.
• Plants are stationary organisms (except for their pollen and seeds).
• This kingdom includes the flowering plants, conifers and mosses.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwymX2LxnQs&t=19s
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
• This kingdom contains a highly varied group of uni- and multi-cellular
species, including the yeasts and moulds.
• Most species of fungi live as decomposers. They absorb nutrients from
dead organisms and then break these complex molecules down into
the raw materials again.
• Fungi to not carry out photosynthesis.
• Their cell walls contain chitin.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4DUZhnNo4s
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
• These are multi-cellular organisms that live as
consumers.
• They feed on protists and other organisms
from all the other kingdoms.
• Animals have the unique characteristic of
being able to move from one place to
another during some stage of their life cycle.
• This kingdom includes a great range of
organisms such as sponges, worms, insects,
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals.
Have I learnt the following in this lesson?
 The most prominent difference between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells?
 The Tree of Life, including the domains and kingdoms.
 The most prominent features of each domain and kingdom or

group.
 Phylogenetic trees and what they show us?
 In which domain and kingdom are the following organisms

classified? Dogs, Escherichia coli, mushrooms, sunflowers.

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This is a self-explaining PowerPoint presentation by Dr Mouton (no voice narration)

 The Tree of Life, including the domains and kingdoms.

 The most prominent features of each domain and kingdom or

 What are phylogenetic trees and what do they show us?

 In which domain and kingdom are the following organisms

There is an astounding diversity of living

Traditionally, scientists defined species and then

Traditionally, scientists defined species and then

A species is a group in which the individuals are

A genus is a group of similar species that shares

Traditionally, scientists defined species and then

Related genera then group into a family, related

Since the late 20th century, biologists started

Since the late 20th century, biologists started

Phylogenetic trees provide significantly more

• when evolutionary events occurred

• and which ancestors gave rise to which

Each domain represents a major

+ a group, called the

 The Tree of Life, including the domains and kingdoms.

 The most prominent features of each domain and kingdom or

 Phylogenetic trees and what they show us?

 In which domain and kingdom are the following organisms

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