FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND

PLANNING, A. K. T. U.,
LUCKNOW.
Group members:

RAR 602 1. MAHENDRA SINGH

2. UMAR FAROOQ

Construction And Material - VI 3. MOHTASHIM AYAZ

4. NAUSHEEN ZEHRA
B. Arch III Year 5. PRAGATI KESARWANI

Session 2020-21 6. PRATIKSHA PALIWAL

7. RAHUL KUMAR
8. TARIQUE ANAS
9. ROSHAN KUMAR

Construction Equipments 10. SHABAZ ALAM

11. SHAIVI SAGAR

(Group-3) 12. UTKARSH ANAND

 Content
 Excavation  Cranes
• Dozers • Mobile Cranes
• Types of Blades in Dozers • Static
• Scrapper • Tower
• Grader
 Electric hand tools
• Dragline
 Pump
• Trencher
 Concrete Vibrator
• Back Actor
• Compactor Roller  Ready mix concrete
Transportation • Definition

• Lorry/Truck • Use

• Dumper • Advantage

• Hoist • Mixer and pump for ready mix concrete

EXCAVATION EQUIPMENTS
 DOZERS

https://lckingscourier.net/23802/jh-king-news/stem/bulldozer/
INTRODUCTION
 Dozer is a tractor unit that has a blade attached to its front.
 The dozer has no set volumetric capacity.
 The amount of material, it moves is dependent on the quantity that will remain in front of the blade during push.

DEFINITION
 A dozer is a machine equipped with a substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil , sand , rubble or
other such material during construction .
 Equipped at the rear with a claw-like device Known as a Ripper to loosen densely-compacted materials.

CLASSIFICATION OF BULL DOZER

1. Position Of Blades
 Bull Dozers in which the blade perpendicular to the direction of movement.
 Angle Dozers in which the blade is set at an angle with the direction of movement.
2. Based On Mountings
 Wheel Mounted
 Crawler Mounted
3. Based On The Control
 Cable Controlled
 Hydraulically Controlled
 They are used for moving earth up to a distance of about 100m .
 Also act as a towing tractor and pusher to scraper machines.
 They can be track-mounted or wheel-mounted.
 The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the material from one place to another
 Angle Dozers (Position Of Blades)
 A power-operated machine fitted with a blade, adjustable in height and angle, for pushing, sidecasting, and spreading loose
excavated material as for opencast pits, clearing land, or leveling runways. Also known as angling dozer.

https://www.equipmentjournal.com/construction-equipment/deere-introduces-mechanical-angle-blade-
crawler-dozers/

Cable Controlled (Based On The Control) https://hwpartstore.com/blogs/tips/identifying-dozer-hydraulic-cylinders

 A Cable Control Unit (often called a CCU) is a multi drum which unit
mounted on crawler tractors and used to operate attachments such as a
bulldozer blade, towed scraper box or early tracked loader units.

https://scalefarm.com/u-sp1574_discontinued-
https://tractors.fandom.com/wiki/Cable_Control_U speccast_speccast_diesel_crawler_with_cable_cont
nit_(CCU) rol_bulldozer.htm http://www.tpaktopc.net/laplant_choate.htm
 Hydraulically Controlled (Based On The Control)
 The bulldozers use what is called, mobile hydraulic circuits, which is a circuit with compact size and components to achieve high
performance we need. The present invention generally relates to bulldozer hydraulic systems and, more particularly, to a technique for
controlling the operation of blade lift cylinders operable to raise and lower the blade of a bulldozer.
 Functions like hydraulic dozers through their feature of pilot joystick hydraulic control and hydraulic direct drive motors. These advanced
and latest technology hydraulic dozers equipped with elevated sprocket and Cummins engine for better performance than the other dozer
models falling in range.
Some Specific Components:
 Reservoir: for storing hydraulic oil.
 Pump: for pumping oil with required pressure to be converted then to the work we need.
 Hydraulic filter: for filtering and purifying the oil to keep it and the whole circuit components clean and efficient.
 Valves: with different types and functions to fully control all variables.
 Actuator: which produces the output we need.
 It has 2 main types, rotary actuator for producing rotational movement, and reciprocating or linear actuator.
 Cable blades are faster and will lift higher than hydraulic,also has more down travel.
 The ability to lift higher is an advantage when clearing trees,gives you more leverage.It'll push over a tree that the same dozer with hydraulic
blade will have to make two or three passes to cut roots before it can get it over.

https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/bulldozer-types https://in.pinterest.com/pin/742601426032647346/
EQUIPMENTS OF A BULL DOZER
 PARTS OF BULLDOZER:

• Ripper: A ripper is a prolonged attachment located behind the bulldozer that resembles a
claw.
It is used to interrupt the land to allow for growing agriculture crops or to break the
rock.
• Final drive: The bulldozer’s final drive might necessarily be the most used and modified
part of the bulldozer.
Modern final drive distributes the load to the gear teeth and drives the motor away
from the suspension.
• The cab: Bulldozer cab is an essential part of this machine where the operator controls
this machine.
There are different options for some cabs that enhance both its stage of consolation
and security.
• Tracks/tires: The tracks help navigate steep, uneven terrain, while the tires are more
suited to the ground.
• Machine: Bulldozer are generally need high-powered engines to transfer heavy material
from one place to another at the workplace, different varieties of engines meet entirely
different necessities.
For instance, some new engines generate fewer emissions than older drivers to adjust
to particular EPA necessities.
• Push Frame: A push frame is required when the fabric for varied tasks; this part is
responsible for moving the blade.
• Bulldozer blade: The blade is a substantial steel plate situated in front of the bulldozer
used to push and excavate the material.
COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS

The Tractor The Engine The Tracks The Blade

 THE TRACTOR
It encompasses the cab where the controls are located.
 THE ENGINE
They are high powered diesel engines, mainly because of the torque necessary to move through very rough terrain.
 THE TRACKS
Located on either side of the body, are made up of heavy metal links that create powerful traction.
 THE BLADE
Located at the front of the tractor , and is able to lift the blade up and down.

The Blade
https://borusanmakina.kz/kz/catalog/otval
The Tractor The Engine The Tracks y/69-m--90-yd-
https://www.deere.co.in/en/implements/ https://www.mobilehydraulictips.com/fluid-power-drives-mega-dozer/ https://www.dreamstime.com/photos-images/modern-crawler-bulldozer.html
APPLICATIONS
 For spreading the earth fill.
 For opening up pilot roads through mountainous and rocky terrains.
 Clearing construction sites.
 Clearing land from the trees and stumps.
 Back-filling trenches at construction sites by dragging the earth from one place to another.

TYPES OF DOZERS

1. CRAWLER DOZERS Crawler Dozers

 It is equipped with special clearing blades http://www.schmidtequipment.com/equipment-sales/john-deere-
which are excellent machine for loud construction-equipment/crawler-dozers

clearing.
 Heavy ripping of rock is accomplished
by crawler dozers with use of rippers
which are mounted rear of dozers.
Advantages Of Crawler Mounted
Dozer
 It delivers greater attractive effort especially when operating soft grounds as loose
or muddy soil. Wheeled Dozers
 Capacity to travel over muddy surface. https://specs.lectura.de/de/type/baumaschinen/raddoz
 Work on different type of soil. er-caterpillar/814k-11705533

 Ability to travel on rough surface, which may reduce the cost of maintaining the hauling roads.
 Greater flotation due to the lower pressure under the track.
 Good for short distance jobs.
 Greater use in different type of jobs.
 Can push large blade loads.
 Speed is slow about 8 to 16 kmph.
 http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Bulldozer.html

1. CRAWLER DOZERS

http://keliluput2.likemarshmallows.fr/free-construction-equipment-wiring-schematics.html

DETAILS OF TRACK

https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/bulldozer-chian-undercarriage-parts-
machinery-part_62164699778.html https://worthpart.wordpress.com/category/undercarriage-parts/
2. Wheel Mounted Dozer

 A wheel bulldozer is a tractor having a heavy blade in front for pushing and excavating (shoving) earth and debris at mines, quarries and
construction sites. ... Bulldozer blade types and their usage are cited and definition of specific pushing (cutting) power and specific
production power are given.

Advantages Of Wheel Mounted Dozer

 Provide higher travel speed from 13 to 42 kmph on the job or from one job to another job.
 Eliminates the necessity of hauling equipment required to transport the dozer to the job.
 Greater output, especially when considerable travel is necessary.
 Less fatigue to operator.
 Provide higher travel speed from 13 to 42 kmph on the job or from one job to another job.
 Eliminates the necessity of hauling equipment required to transport the dozer to the job.
 Greater output, especially when considerable travel is necessary.
 Less fatigue to operator.

 Wheel bulldozers are suitable for light and medium duty earthmoving applications.
 Their tractive force is weaker compared to crawler bulldozers hence blade pushing force is weaker.
 Wheel dozers are widely used at quarries and open-pit mining for cleaning up of bench floors of excavating and loading
equipment and spreading the spoil heaps at earth dumping areas of haulers.
 Unlike crawler bulldozers they serve multiple excavators and dump areas since they are mobile and agile and speedy, they
can travel as fast as 35-40 km per hour.
 Thus saving from the number of buldozer fleet of the mine.
 They are also handy in repair and maintenance of hard faced highways since they are mobile and not disturbing the surface
of the paved roads like tracked bulldozers.
 They are also favoured in urban area jobs for not damaging the delicate pavements etc.
Wheel Mounted Dozer

https://www.ebay.com/itm/Equipment-Brochure-Caterpillar-834B-Wheel-Tractor-c1982-E3942-
/312047979792?_ul=IN
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER AND WHEELED MACHINE
BULLDOZERS – MARKET SURVEY
• Bell Equipment Co SA
• Case
• Caterpillar Equipment
• Caterpillar Global Mining
• Guangxi Liugong Machinery Co., Ltd. ( ...
• Komatsu Construction and Mining Equipment
• Komatsu Europe
• ETC.
PRICES OF WHEEL MOUNTED DOZERS AND CRAWLER
DOZERS
PRICES OF WHEEL MOUNTED DOZERS AND CRAWLER DOZERS
PRICES OF WHEEL MOUNTED DOZERS AND CRAWLER DOZERS
SOME VIDEOS FOR BASIC UNDERSTANDING

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4N5Y9UG-ck
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nZfrGrGZDac
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAJo6xWpmaI
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8TdaMgx3UM
COMMON TYPES OF BLADES IN DOZERS:-

• A Straight Blade ("S-Blade") which is short and has no lateral curve, no side wings and
can be used for fine grading.

• A Universal Blade ("U-Blade") which is tall and very curved, and has large side wings to
carry more material.

• An Angling Blade (Angle blade or angle dozer.) which is lower, straight across the face, has
a very curved profile designed to roll material in front of it and has the ability to be angled to
either side to facilitate movement of material across the machine's path in front of the blade.

• The Angling blade is wider than a straight or Semi-U blade to allow for angling across the
machine.

• A "Semi-U" combination blade which is shorter, has less curvature, and smaller side
wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large rocks, such as at a quarry.

• In Recent years, adaptations of the angling blade have featured power angling and power side-
to-side tilting of the blade on the move by the use of hydraulic rams. These blades are
commonly called 'power angle and tilt' (PAT) blades and are most commonly fitted to smaller
crawlers used for clean-up and finishing work.

https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/bulldozer-types
TYPES OF BLADES IN
DOZERS:-

https://www.slideshare.net/vicmelo/manual-de-rendimiento-komatsu-ed30 https://www.slideshare.net/vicmelo/manual-de-rendimiento-komatsu-ed30
POWER SHOVEL:-

DEFINITION:-
Power shovel is a mechanical excavator. It is a bucket equipped machine, usually
electrically powered used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and
for mineral extraction.

BASIC PARTS:-

• The Mounting (Crawler track or Rubber tyred wheel).

• Cab
• Boom
• Dipper stick
• Dipper https://explorecivilsights.blogspot.com/2019/11/power-shovel-basic-parts-operation.html
• Hoist line

SIZE OF POWER SHOVEL:-

Size of power shovel is indicated by the size of dipper generally expressed in

cubic meters.
Power shovels are commonly available in sizes: 3/8, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 2
and 2.5 cubic meters which come under the category of standard power shovels.
Modern bucket (dipper) capacity ranges from 8 Cubic meter to 80 Cubic
meter.
https://constructionor.com/power-shovel/
COMMON TYPES OF POWER SHOVEL:-

Type of Power Shovel is described by its mounting:-

• If it is mounted on crawler track, it is called Crawler-Mounted power shovel.

• If it is mounted on rubber tyred wheels it is referred as Wheel-Mounted power
shovel.
COMMON TYPES OF SHOVEL:-

Crawler-Mounted power shovel

https://constructionor.com/power-shovel/

Wheel-Mounted power shovel.

https://constructionor.com/power-shovel/
https://constructionor.com/power-shovel/
RIPPER:-

• The Ripper is the long claw-like device on the back of the bulldozer.

• Rippers can come as a single (single shank/giant ripper) or in groups of two or more
(multi shank rippers).

• Usually, a single shank is preferred for heavy ripping. The ripper shank is fitted
with a replaceable tungsten steel alloy Tip.

• Ripping rock lets the ground surface rock be broken into small rubble easy to handle
and transport, which can then be removed so grading can take place.

• Agricultural ripping lets rocky or very hard earth be broken up so otherwise

unploughable land can be farmed.

• Also, hard earth can be ripped and broken up to allow planting of orchards where
trees could not otherwise grow.

• Ripping is a technique of loosening the land soil or breaking up hard soil rocks before
the final excavation.

• Ripping is a technique of loosening soil or rock before the final excavation.

https://www.dozer.in/bulldozer-ripper-attachment/
FUNCTION (RIPPER):-

• Excavating land in a less time and provides good product.

• It increases the efficiency of work.
• The product obtained from ripper is used for various purpose.
• It excavate soil which is in front of blade keeps on rolling,
thereby reducing frictional drag.
• It is quietly used for back filling.

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF RIPPER:

• Size required for a given job.

• Kind of job for which it will be used.
• Firmness of haul road.
• Slope of haul road.
• Length of haul road.
• Type of footing over which it travel or its require high or low
tractive efficiency.

https://home.komatsu/en/worldwide/PDF/D155A-6.pdf
TYPES OF RIPPER:-

https://home.komatsu/en/worldwide/PDF/D155A-6.pdf
BRUSH CUTTER:-
• Brush cutter is also known as string trimmer.
• Brush cutter is a mechanical device which is cut the normal things like grass
and thin branches of small and big trees.
• It make quick work of under brush , berries , saplings, brambles, vines, tall
grass and small trees.
• It mainly consists of:-
• A power unit held close to the body.
• A shaft through which the power is transmitted.
• A rotary cutting head at the opposite end of the shaft to the power unit.
• A wheel arrangement to hold the load of system.

SPECIFICATIONS:- https://cidattachments.com/product/x-treme-brush-cutter

• 6’’ cutting capacity.

• 3/16’’ deck with sides reinforced with 3/8’’ AR400.
• High torque Parker motor.
• 3 bidirectional blades made with 5/8” AR400.
• Does not require a case drain.
• Available in 60”, 72” or 78″ cutting width.
• 3/8″ Double clover leaf shaped blade holder.
• 100 HP right angle gear box with 6 bolt flange.
• 1/4″ deck optional upgrade.
• Optional mulching teeth BRUSH CUTTER
https://cidattachments.com/product/x-treme-brush-cutter
MARKET SURVEY:-

https://dir.indiamart.com/search.mp?ss=power+shovel&src=as-context%3Akwd%3Dpower%3Apos%3D1%3Acat%3D155%3Amcat%3D159749&prdsrc=1&mcatid=159749&catid=155
 GRADER

• These are heavy construction machines used to create smooth wide

and levelled surfaces.
• The most traditional use of this particular construction machine is in
construction and maintenance of roads.
• Also used for preparing topmost layer for laying asphalt on top of it.
• Internationally it is also used in removal of snow, debris and
earthmoving based on the location and requirement.

Uses:
• Cutting
• Spreading
• Levelling
Scarify option to scarify a layer and then remove it with the help of the
blade.

• The motor grader is usually a self propelled machine which comes

with an adjustable blade.
• The blade is usually positioned between the front and rear axle.
• Motor graders come in after the heavy machines like the bulldozers are
done with their job to give a finer finishing to the job.
 TYPES OF GRADER

Based on frame arrangements the motor graders are classified into two categories:

• Rigid Frame Motor Grader:

• These usually have a single axle and are incapable of moving either left or right
amount a point on the axle.
• This type of graders were popular in the 1980’s and 90’s.

• Articulated Frame motor Grader:

• These usually have both a front and rear axle.
• The blade is usually located somewhere between the two axles.
• Straight: Only front steering is used. For most finishing, ripping and scarifying, long- pass
blading, light to medium windrows, blading shoulders and dry-ditch cleaning,
• Articulated: Uses front and frame steering. As it gives the shortest turn radius, it’s good
for close work, like in corners and cul-de-sacs. For constructing V ditches, spreading
materials or operating in small areas, for short turns, V-ditch construction, spreading
material and cutting high banks. If you want to change the cutting width of the moldboard
and lessen blade loads without using the circle, this is the mode to use.
• Crab: Here, the front wheels and the frame go in the same direction. For cleaning wet
ditches, heavy windrowing operations, faster finishing or cutting banks on a gentle slope.

Another factor that differentiates motor graders are the drive systems:
• All wheel drive
• Front wheel drive (for rural areas)
TYPES OF BLADES FOR GRADDER

• Scarifier
• Penetrates hard-packed gravel and frozen surfaces easily with less
down pressure and horsepower.
• Eliminates “wash-boarding” and pot holes with fewer
passes than standard blades.
• Decreases the number of passes necessary to properly
maintain a road surface.
• Features replaceable, rotating, self-sharpening, solid carbide-
tipped cutting tools that wear uniformly and last longer than
all-steel blades.
• Reduces machine and operator downtime.
• Dual Carbide
• Provides maximum wear resistance.
• Features two tungsten carbide inserts, specifically designed for high-
abrasion and low-impact applications.
• Outlasts imbedded carbide granule-style blades.
• Offers the longest lasting blade life span in the industry.
• I.C.E.™/KenCoat™ Blades
• Features optimal levels of blade wear, impact, and fracture
resistance.
• Designed specifically for maximum performance and blade
longevity.
• Performs effectively in snow removal operations on roads with
embedded lane markers and rumble strips.
• Withstands high-speed plowing over excessive joints, major
cracks, and uneven road surfaces.
TYPES OF BLADES FOR GRADDER

• KenCoat™ Blades
Kennametal Carbide Overlay Application Technology
• Economical choices for moderate-impact applications.
• Resists wear from down pressure.
• Provides wear life 3–5x greater than standard carbide blades.
• Available in both 1" (25mm) and 1.50" (38mm) wide KenCoat
protection.
• Armored Blades
• Economical choices for higher-impact applications.
• Offers wear life 3–5x greater than standard carbide blades.
• Protects carbide insert by reinforcing the mild steel face with a
securely welded hardened-steel plate.
• Available in 3ft (914mm), 4ft (1219mm), and 5ft (1524mm)
lengths.
Grader Blades for Plowing Snow
• Offers unparalleled combination of fracture and wear resistance.
• Our brazing expertise ensures that inserts stay firmly in place,
without residual stress, resulting in a more durable blade.
• Available in an unmatched variety of styles and sizes — each backed by
the road maintenance industry’s best quality assurance program.
• Sold in combinations of 3ft (914mm) and 4ft (1219mm) lengths for more
versatility, safety, and ease of use.
 SCRAPPER

• Scraper, in engineering, machine for moving earth over

short distances (up to about two miles) over relatively
smooth areas.
• Either self-propelled or towed, it consists of a wagon
with a gate having a bladed bottom.
• The blade scrapes up earth as the wagon pushes
forward and forces the excavated material into the
wagon.
• When the wagon is filled, the gate is closed, and the
material is carried to the place of disposal.

WORKING:
• It’s attached trailer pass over an area of dirt to be
removed
• The operator drops a sharp horizontal blade located in the
trailer, or otherwise known as the bowl, into the soil below.
• As the scraper machines moves forward, dirt is collected or
scraped up into the bowl where it is then later collected when
it becomes full.
 TYPES OF SCRAPER

• Single Engine Wheeled Scraper Machine

• It consists of a bowl and an apron which covers the load and
stops it from flying out the top.
• You will be required to not only pull the tractor but you will
be required to push the trailer as well in order to gain enough
force and momentum to rip up tough soil.
• Dual Engine Wheeled Scraper Machine
• For terrains that are a little tougher than your average job site.
• This scraper machine includes a powerful engine, not only
in the front end vehicle itself, but also in the trailer.
• This scraper machine is best used in wet conditions or
on soft soils such as sand.
• Elevating Scraper Machine
• It not only removes dirt and soil but also mixes, and
completes fine finished work.
• Suited to fine soils such as fine clay, top soil, sand and
other fine materials.
• Pull Type Scraper Machine
• An unpowered trailer that needs to be fitted to a tractor in
order to be propelled.
• Better suited to farming projects and soft soils.
 MARKET SURVEY

• Power 90HP
• Speed 3
• Phase Three
Phase
• Ambient Temperature 45
• Model Name/Number 2012
• Brand CAT
• Casing 4 • Brand CAT
• Insulation Class 5T • Model Name/Number 140GC
• Mounting Type Y • Top Speed- Forward 47.5 km/h
• Number Of Poles 5 • Top Speed- Reverse 37.5 km/h
THREE PHASE MOTOR GRADER ₹ 78.50 Lakh/ Unit • Engine Model CAT 7.1
• Engine Displacement 7.01 L
• Number Of Cylinders 6
• Transmission Type Direct
Shift Drive,
Power
• Bore 105 mm
• Stroke 135 mm
• Speed 2200 rpm
CAT 140GC Motor Grader
MARKET SURVEY

Mahindra Motor Grader ₹ 45 Lakh/ Unit

• Engine Power 90 hp
• Blade Width 12 ft
• Brand Mahindra
• Model Name DR90

Motor Grader for Soil Work

SEM 919 190 HP Motor Grader

• Engine Power 190 HP

• Operating Weight 15070 Kg
• Blade Width 25 mm
• Model Name/Number 919
• Top Speed- Forward 5.3 / 9.1 / 12 / 20 / 25 / 40 km/hr
• Top Speed- Reverse 5.4 / 12 / 25 km/hr
 MARKET SURVEY

• Engine Power 173 HP • Blade Height 12 feet

• Operating Weight 14.5 Ton • Min Turning Radius 7.5 m

• Blade Width 12 Foot • Overall Height 3400 mm

• Brand Fine • Fuel Tank Capacity 280 Liter

• Model Name/Number Fine FMG170 • Engine Make Cummins

• Top Speed- Forward 45 km/hr • Engine Model 6BTA5.9

• Number Of Cylinders 6
• Gears 6/3

FMG 170 Motor Grader ₹ 65 Lakh/ Unit

• Brand SEC-
RJMT
S-3218
• Model Name/Number
Made in India
• Country of Origin
75 Liter
• Hydraulic Tank
70 Liter
• Fuel Tank
12 Liter
• Engine Oil
6 Wheels
• No. of Wheel
57 HP
• Gross Power
SEC-RJMT S-3218 Mini Grader ₹ 22.5 Lakh/ Unit 2000 RPM
• Pump Flow Capacity
 DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR

• A dragline usually refers to a large bucket excavator that is controlled

by a system of pulleys, chains, and ropes that hoist the bucket.
• A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil
engineering and surface mining.
• The drag line excavator uses a bucket system consisting of a
large bucket that is suspended from a boom.
• The bucket is moved by a number of chains and ropes, which is
powered by a diesel or electric motor
• The ropes have two main parts – hoisting rope and drag cable
• The hoisting rope, which hoists the bucket from the boom.
• The drag cable then draws the bucket system horizontally.
• Using these two main cables, operators can control the bucket
and move it around.
 DRAGLINE OPERATION

Function
• In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is
positioned above the material to be excavated.
• The bucket is then lowered and the drag rope
is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged
along the surface of the material.
• The bucket is then lifted by using the hoist
rope.
• A swing operation is then performed to move the
bucket to the place where the material is to be
dumped.
• The dragrope is then released causing the
bucket Hoist coupler to tilt and empty. This is
called a dump operation.
 Market Survey Komatsu mining ltd.

• Dragline
 Price range : 30lakhs – 5 Crore

 Available brands: Caterpillar, Komatsu

mining, Joy Global

P&H 9010C P&H 9020C P&H 9020XPC

• 42 to 60 m3 (55 to 80 yd.3 ) bucket
capacity range
• 84 to 107 m (275 to 350 ft.) boom length
range
• Gradial-design tub for multiple load
paths to eliminate weak points and
extend tub life
• 55 to 93 m3 (75 to 117 yd.3) bucket
capacity range
• 90 to 125 m (300 to 405 ft.) boom
length range
• Largest diameter roller circle in class,
with more rollers for better load
distribution, and large-diameter rack for
reduced gear and pinion loads
• Optimized A-frame for reduced load
forces and maximum-rated suspended
load
• 85 to 122 m3 (110 to 160 yd.3) bucket
capacity range
• 100 to 130 m (325 to 425 ft.) boom
length range
• Largest diameter roller circle in class,
with more rollers for better load
distribution, and large-diameter rack for
reduced gear and pinion loads
• Optimized A-frame for reduced load
forces and maximum-rated suspended
load
 TRENCHER

• Trenchers are like an excavator as they serve the same purpose

of breaking soil and rock and removing it from the ground.
• However, unlike excavators trenchers can remove the soil in a
continuous movement.
• Often used to dig trenches for pipes or cutting through rocks there
are various sizes of trenchers, allowing them to accommodate
many different project requirements.

• The various uses of a trencher are-

o Cutting Pavement
o Creating Drainage
o Digging for Electrical
o Snipping Roots
 Wheel Trencher
• Also known as rock wheels, wheel trenchers are fitted with a toothed
metal wheel and can be used in hard or soft soils.
• They can also be used for cutting pavements and for creating access to
utilities under roads. They can be mounted on tracks or rubber tyres.
• Depending on diameter, there are 6-8 cutting elements placed around the
wheel which bear high-strength steel teeth, arranged in a semi- spherical
configuration to increase material removal.
• The design of the wheel enables cutting of varying depths, and a
constant soil working angle with a relatively small wheel diameter.

Chain Trencher
Wheel Trencher
• This is a chainsaw-like trencher which uses a digging chain or belt to cut
the ground.
• The belt is driven around a rounded metal frame or boom, the angle of
which can be adjusted to control the cut depth.
• The boom is held at a fixed angle while the machine slowly moves.
• Chain trenchers are used to cut hard ground, and are flexible enough to
be able to cut narrow, deep and wider trenches for utilities.

• A conveyor belt on either side of the trencher removes the excavated

materials.

Chain Trencher
 Skimmer
• Also known trenching machines, skimmers are used for
excavating long trenches, such as those necessary for
pipelines.
• They will normally dig trenches 0.25-1.5 m wide and up to 3 m
deep, where a high degree of accuracy is required.
• The machine moves forwards, excavating with buckets either
mounted on a wheel at the front, or on a chain which is carried by a
jib.

Skimmer
Micro Trencher

• Micro trenchers are used for excavating narrow trenches, usually in

urban areas. Widths range from 30-130 mm (1.2-5.1 in), with
depths of 500 mm (20 in) or less.
• The reduced trench size means that there is a reduction in the
volume of excavated waste material, and disturbance can be
minimized.
• They are are used for road maintenance and to gain access to
utilities under the road surface.

Micro Trencher
 Portable trenchers

• Portable trenchers are lightweight and easy to

handle, and can used to instal landscape edging and
irrigation lines.
• They use a chain or a blade, similar to a rotary
lawnmower, rotating in a vertical plane.

Tractor mount trenchers

• A tractor-mount trencher is a trenching device

which needs a creeping gear tractor to operate.
• This type of trenchers is another type of chain
trencher.
• The tractor should be able to go as slowly as
the trencher's trenching speed.

Tractor mount trencher

 Market Survey
Brand : Rapid Trencher
Type: Chain Trencher Machine
Price: ₹ 4.82 Lakh/ Piece
Brand : Autocracy Business Solutions
Type: Skimmer / Pipeline trencher
Price: ₹ 5.2 Lakh/ Piece
Brand : Autocracy Machinery Private Limited Brand : Mini Trencher 100 Mm To
Type: Wheel/Disc Trencher Machine 600mm With Honda Engine
Price: ₹ 10 Lakh/ Wheel Trencher Type: Portable
Price: ₹ 1.9 Lakh
Brand Vijay Laxmi Engineering Works Brand: Gamzen Plast Private Limited
Type: Tractor mounted Type: wheel trencher
Price: ₹ 3.75 Lakh Price: ₹ 4.5 Lakh
 Back Actor

• A Backhoe—also called Rear Actor or Back Actor.

• A backhoe is an excavation machine comprised of a standard tractor base that

supports a digging bucket on the end of a jointed two-part arm.

• The opposite side of the backhoe will often have a front loader attachment (in which case
the backhoe is technically called a “backhoe loader”), so the seat swivels 360 degrees to
allow the operator to face whichever side is being used at the time.

• The part of the backhoe arm that’s attached to the tractor is called the boom, and the segment
that holds the digger bucket is called the dipper or dipper-stick. The pivot that connects the
boom and dipper is called the king-post.

• There is a wide variety of attachments available for a backhoe, like drills, hammers,
rippers, rakes, breakers, and more.

• The front loader can also be replaced with different brooms, plows, and forklifts. In some
cases, a backhoe can even serve as a crane by looping the straps of a lifted object over the
dipper stick.

• The term “backhoe” can be confusing because the digging bucket is actually on the front of
the machine. But the backhoe’s name actually refers to the way that the machine digs by
pulling earth toward itself, or backward, rather than pushing it forward like a traditional
shovel.
• A Tractor Backhoe Loader is a modern machine used in many activities by a large
number of the population in India. It is a type of advanced machine fitted with the
front side of the rear side. The main motive to install this machine on the tractor is to
carry out all other practices done with the help of a professional Tractor loader
machine or JCB.

• The backhoe is an industrial and mechanical machine that is used to achieve

large excavations in all kinds of terrain. It has a bucket for excavation located at
the end of an articulated arm in two different parts. This arm is usually placed on
the back of a tractor and is used in earthworks for construction, piping and drainage.

Uses Of Back Actor

Backhoes are used to perform earth excavation processes, different types of trench openings for pipe laying and drainage are used to make deep holes that will be
filled later, for example, the foundations of houses and buildings. They are widely used in general construction as they provide speed and quality. In building
demolitions, to break street asphalt and to achieve a proper paving process in large and small cities. They are widely used in places where the use of some equipment is
not useful. In addition, they are a precise source of cost and time reduction in the different works in which they are used.
• Characteristics of backhoe
• It consists of an assembly of three different pieces of mobile earthmoving equipment: a tractor, a loader and a
backhoe.

• It allows the tools to move quickly and safely.

• It can transport large quantities of material depending on the size of the container.

• It is mainly designed for excavating land.

• The container where the material is deposited is known as a bucket.

• The backhoe itself has three parts: the bucket, the stick and the boom.

• It is also known as a mechanical shovel.

• Parts
• The parts that make up a backhoe are:
• Point of union between the arm and the boom.
• Bucket hydraulic cylinder.
• Articulation link.
• Engine compartment.
• Running gears. • Operator’s cab.
• Boom or boom hydraulic cylinders.
• Chassis or frame. • Boom or boom.
• Arm hydraulic cylinder
 Prices of Back Actors Loaders
Mini Front End Loader, Loader Bucket Mini Front End SEC-RJMT Mild Steel High dupm
Loader Capacity: 1.0 cum 14 feet Front End Loader

₹ 1.60 Lakh/ Piece ₹ 4.50 Lakh/ Unit ₹ 3.90 Lakh/ Unit

Rahul Technologies Ltd. Super Star Agriculture Works D. K. Automobile

Tractor Hydraulic Back Loader, For Agricultural Tractor Backhoe Loader B730 Bobcat Backhoe Loader

₹ 32,500/ Unit ₹ 9.50 Lakh/ Unit ₹ 25.50 Lakh/ Unit

Ram Babu Kishan Sahay Krishi Yantra Udyog Shree Balaji Equipments Pvt Ltd.
Jai Kisan Karshi Yantar Udhog
 Compactor Roller

• A Road roller or Compactor Roller is a compactor-type engineering vehicle used

to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the
construction of roads and foundations.

• Most construction sites need a stable ground to do their work on. The soil needs to be
compressed so there aren’t any pockets of air underground that can disrupt the process.

• For this to work, special construction equipment is needed to properly compact and
smooth the ground.

• The roller can be a simple drum with a handle that is operated by one person and weighs
45 kilograms .

• The rolling process ensures that foundations are compacted thoroughly so the
materials are compact, and do not come loose.

• Rollers are equipped with basic features such as diesel engine, canopy to protect the driver,
drum(s), which can be a vibratory smooth drum or a static smooth drum, tires, a compaction
meter to measure the level of compaction and a water system.
• ANALYSIS OF USE OF ROAD ROLLER:

• They started as simple stone cylinders being pulled by people to flatten the earth a bit in history and then as a means to flatten the earth, they made animals pull large stone cylinders

or wooden planks. Then the rollers finally came into play when the age of metal came and in construction sites, this piece of heavy equipment is one of the most common machines to find. Mostly at

the beginning stages when the foundation of the building is being built they are used.

• The main use for road roller is to crush, knead or vibrate loose materials by applying direct pressure and most often used for road construction or for creating compact foundations for large areas. To

compact loosely bound foundation materials rolling process is used.

• TYPES OF ROAD ROLLER:

• There are the following types of road roller as given below;

1. Single Drum Roller

2. Double Drum Roller
3. Cylindrical Rollers
4. Vibratory Roller
5. Grid Rollers
6. Pneumatic Rollers
7. Sheepsfoot Rollers

ADVANTAGES OF ROAD ROLLER:

There are the following advantages of road roller such as;
1.To provide a finish that is easy to the eyes and simply works out as intended, the road rollers
are used.
2.The road rollers are easy to use and to handle everything the project demands the road
roller is suitable.
3. The road rollers are powerful.
MARKET SURVEY
Case 752 76 HP Tandem Compactor, Topall Walk Behind Compactor, Nextgen Diesel Engine Road
Operating Weight: 8900 kg Model Name/Number: CYL31 Roller, 1850 Mm, Capacity: 8 Ton

₹ 1.85 Lakh/ Piece ₹ 16.50 Lakh/ Piece

₹ 26 Lakh/ Piece
Topall Impex M/s Next Gen
Sai Engineering company.

ICON Walk Behind Single Drum Roller,

FVR 880 Ride on Roller 600mm, Model Name/Number: Ivr Vibratory Compactors
600s

₹ 5 Lakh/ Piece ₹ 1.30 Lakh/ Piece

₹ 62,000/ Piece
Topall Impex ICON Enterprise
Shree Vinayak Industries
Transportatio
n
 LORRY/ TRUCK
• A truck or Lorry is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo.

• They have a cabin at the front where the driver sits and have a
container or a box like body (either open or enclosed) attached at
the back to carry the load.

• Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration. They are

powered by diesel engines and are very powerful and can perform
heavy duty tasks with ease and efficiency.

Uses of Lorry in Construction

• In the construction field, these trucks or lorries are used to

transport construction materials (like cement bags, sand, bricks,
gravel, etc) and small equipments to the construction site.

• These can be mounted with specialized equipment, such as

concrete mixers, excavators, manipulators, etc to perform
various desired tasks.
 TYPES OF TRUCK USED FOR CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES

Industrial Trucks: These are used to transport the construction

materials such as cement, sand, debris, bricks, concrete blocks, iron bars
etc. from the warehouses to the site. These have containers attached to
them where the goods and materials are laden.

Concrete Mixer Truck: These are made to mix concrete and transport it to
the construction site. They are charged with dry materials and water and the Concrete Mixer Truck
mixing occurs during transport.
Manipulator truck

Truck Cranes (Manipulators): These are used to transport loads over

variable (horizontal and vertical) paths within a restricted area. They are
more flexible and portable and can be used at various locations at the
construction site.

Roll off Trucks: These consists of a hoist and subframe. It carries Water container
removable open top containers. These trucks are used to dump the sand, Roll off Truck
aggregate mixture at the construction site. The hoist is raised and the
container slides down the subframe so the rear is on the ground.

Water Trucks: They are used in road and civil construction to supress the
dust particles at the construction site.
Industrial Truck
 LORRY/ TRUCK Market Survey
Manufacturing Companies:
• Tata Motors
• Eicher
• Ashok Leyland
• Volvo
• Bharatbenz
• SML ISUZU
• Force Motors
Prices of Trucks and Lorries
 Dumper
• A dumper or a dump-truck is a vehicle designed to transport
bulk materials at the construction sites.
• It has an open jump ahead with the driver seat and consists
of a box-like body to carry materials.
• A dumper has 4 wheels where the entire load and movement
depends on. These are powered by the diesel engines.
• The dumpers have an average payloads of up to 10 tons. They
are [powered by Diesel Engines and are designed to carry
heavy duty tasks.

Properties of Dumper

• It is used for taking dumps such as sand, gravel or demolition

waste for construction.
• Dumpers with rubber tracks provide more even distribution of
weight compared to tires.
• Dumpers with continuous tracks allow the operator to carry
heavier payload on sites having slick, snowy or muddy surfaces.
TYPES OF DUMPER TRUCKS

Dumper trucks vary greatly in size and capacity. the size of the truck bed will dictate the amount of
material that can be carried,
High Skip Dumpers High Swivel Skip Dumper
Heavy Duty front tip Dumper
These dumpers generally don’t exceed 1 tonne in weight and are ideally suited for jobs where space is
limited, their primary use is for loading material into a skip – they are able to dump at heights of
approximately 1.85 metres offering a high tip capacity.
High Swivel Skip Dumpers
Of a similar design and function to the above, this dumper has the added benefit of being able to swivel
the load through to 180°c – available in different sizes
Heavy Duty Front Tip Dumpers Tracked dumper
High Skip Dumper
One of the bigger front loading dumpers, this is better suited for much larger jobs
Tracked Dumpers
Tracked dumpers provide superior traction and control, they are ideally suited for areas that may be
difficult for wheeled dumpers such as steep inclines with muddy, wet ground
Dump Trucks
Dump trucks have a similar function to dumper tucks. However, the load of a dump truck is carried at
the rear of the vehicle rather than the front. An open trailer box, is hinged at the rear – the front of the
bed is lifted using hydraulic pistons allowing the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the
truck. Dump Truck
 DUMPER Market Survey
Manufacturing Companies:
Prices of Dumper
• Komatsu India
• SCANIA
• JCB
 Hoist
• A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-
wheel around which rope or chain wraps.
• It may be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain,
fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium.
• The most familiar form is an elevator, the car of which is raised and lowered by a
hoist mechanism.

Uses of Hoist

• Hoist is used commonly for large scale and high-rise construction projects such as
multi-storey buildings, dams, industrial buildings, etc.
• Its purpose is to carry the persons, materials and equipments between the floors quickly.
• It saves time and makes it easy to transport the materials like cement, sand,
bricks, etc vertically between the floors.
TYPES OF HOIST USED IN CONSTRUCTION

Chain Hoist: It can lift loads up to 10 feet. It uses a sturdy

and hardened steel chain which can lift upto 2000 lbs of weight.
Electric Chain Hoist: These are equipped with an electric
motor and controller to lift or lower the materials. They are
much faster and more efficient. Chain Hoist Electric Chain Hoist

Wire Rope Hoist: These lifts the load by wrapping a cable around
a grooved drum. They are less prone to wear and tear.
Travel Hoist: These are fast moving elevators with a platform and
are used to transfer persons from one floor to another in a building
which is under construction.
Hoist Trolley: These are hoists that are used for load shifting
from one point to another rather than moving it between the floors.
They have a bearing capacity of upto 3 tonnes
Travel Hoist Wire Rope Hoist

Hoist Trolley
 HOIST Market Survey
Manufacturing Companies:
• K2 Cranes
• Unicorn cranes
• Jaypee
• HULK
Prices of Hoist
CRANES
 Cranes

Cranes: Crane is a powerful and heavy machine which is used for lifting, lowering of heavy objects, machinery etc with the
help of cables and pulleys. They are mostly used in heavy constructions and manufacturing of heavy equipment industries.

Types of Static Crane

Static crane, as its name suggests, don’t show much movement. They are classified by the fact that they don’t move during their period of use
from one place to another. Mobile cranes are so easy to use and move, but the importance of static cranes has not decreased a bit.
Some of the types are listed below:
• Tower Crane.
• Hammerhead Crane.
• Level Luffing Crane.
• Self Erecting Crane

STATIC CRANES

TOWER CRANE HAMMERHEAD LEVEL LUFFING SELF-ERECTING

CRANE CRANE CRANE
 COMPONENTS
•Mast: the main supporting tower of the crane. It is made of steel trussed sections that are connected together
during installation.
•Slewing unit: the slewing unit sits at the top of the mast. This is the engine that enables the crane to rotate.
•Operating cabin: on most tower cranes the operating cabin sits just above the slewing unit. It contains the
operating controls, load-movement indicator system (LMI), scale, anemometer, etc.
•Jib: the jib, or operating arm, extends horizontally from the crane. A "luffing" jib is able to move up and down; a
fixed jib has a rolling trolley that runs along the underside to move goods horizontally.
• Counter jib: holds counterweights, hoist motor, hoist drum and the electronics.[57]
•Hoist winch: the hoist winch assembly consists of the hoist winch (motor, gearbox, hoist drum, hoist rope,
and brakes), the hoist motor controller, and supporting components, such as the platform. Many tower cranes
have transmissions with two or more speeds.
•Hook: the hook (or hooks) is used to connect the material to the crane. It is suspended from the hoist rope
either at the tip, for luffing jib cranes, or in the hoist rope belly underneath the trolley for hammerhead cranes.
•Weights: Large, moveable concrete counterweights are mounted toward the rear of the counterdeck, to
compensate for the weight of the goods lifted and keep the center of gravity over the supporting tower.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/5e/06/d8/5e06d872b45ef358f0d12d90d09a0917.jpg

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333241413/figure/download/fig1/AS:760995484033025@1558446870307/Simplified-model-and-
partitions-of-QTZ125-tower-crane.ppm
 Tower Cranes

• Tower cranes are mostly used cranes in the world. It is the form of a balance crane
that is fixed to the ground and also attached to the sides of structures.

• Tower cranes are the cranes you see along city skylines that are used to build tall
structures such as skyscrapers. The basic components of a tower crane are a vertical
tower—also known as a mast—and an outstretched jib.

Advantages of Tower Crane

• Tower cranes surpass the loading and lifting capacity of any other crane in the
world.

• Their height capacity can’t be matched by any other type of crane.

• They have incredible stability and can bear the hardest tasks.

Disadvantages of Tower Crane

•These cranes are very expensive and they require time, effort and money to be shifted
from one area to another.

• They have a high maintenance cost for repairs and depreciation.

• They have a major labor-intensive to install.

Industrial construction sites can be highly benefited by the use of this type of crane.
However, considering the cost and efficiency of tower cranes, the best option is hiring them.
 Hammerhead Tower Crane

• On a hammerhead tower crane, the jib rotates 360 degrees horizontally

around the mast at a fixed level — with the structure resembling an
upside-down “L.”

• Racking—when the trolley moves the load horizontally along the jib
without changing its level—is a function unique to this type of tower
crane.

Advantages of Hammerhead Crane

• Hammerhead Crane is a static crane with a fixed location.

• They are often used for a specific purpose.

Disadvantages of Hammerhead Crane

• They are difficult to set-up.

•As they are fixed to the surface, Reinstallation of such a huge structure can be
a bit problematic.

• They are only used for mega construction purpose.

https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/article-cranes-different-types-of-cranes-
construction-hammerhead-tower-crane-a-frame.jpg
• How are tower Cranes erected?
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RB91Sm-kGJ8
 Level-Luffing Cranes

• A level-luffing crane consists of a vertical mast attached to a rotating, latticed jib that
slews and moves inward and outward from the base.

• The inward and outward jib movement unique to these cranes provides a mechanism for
keeping the hook leveled while simultaneously moving the jib up and down. This
makes these cranes particularly useful when carefully lifting and moving loads near
ground level.

• Rather than a trolley and hook block traveling along the jib, the jib itself moves
inward and outward to move into place for lifting and lowering the load. These cranes
are often used in building ships, freight loading, and construction.
Advantages of Level Luffing Crane

• The crane can be set to operate at a fixed level, relative to the ground.

• The load materials can be loaded with great precision due to its features.

• It allows the jib and the load to stay on the construction site ensuring safety to the general
public.

Disadvantages of Level Luffing Crane

• It takes more time to perform movements necessary to lift an object. https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/article-cranes-different-types-of-
cranes-construction-level-luffing-cranes.jpg
• They affect the performance and economy of the construction site.
 Luffing Tower Crane
A luffing tower crane is also known as a luffing-jib crane. Its design is similar to a
hammerhead tower crane, with the exception that the jib is latticed and can be raised and
lowered—a motion called “luffing.”
With additional jib mobility, these cranes can:
• Lift heavier capacities than hammerhead cranes
• Are more expensive
• Are especially applicable for work in congested areas and/or with multiple
cranes because of their reduced slewing radius.
Self-Erecting Tower Cranes (SETC)
Self-erecting tower cranes include a horizontal jib and mast mounted to a ballast
and has the ability to fold and unfold for dismantling and erection on site. In
comparison to hammerhead or luffing tower cranes, SETCs:
• Have a lighter frame
• Are transportable
• Have a much lower max load capacity
SETCs are most applicable to circumstances where:
• Construction requires a tight fit between buildings
• Extremely heavy lifts are not required
• There is frequent erection, dismantling, and transportation of equipment

https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/article-cranes-different-
https://www.mazzellacompanies.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/article-cranes-different-
types-of-cranes-construction-luffing-tower-cranes.jpg
types-of-cranes-construction-self-erecting-tower-cranes.jpg
 Market survey

Self Erecting Cranes, Hoisting Capacity: 5-10 Ton, Jib Length: 30 M

₹ 15 Lakh/ Unit
Max Height: 20-40 feet
Jib Length: 30 Mtr
Hoisting Capacity: 5-10 ton
Power Source: Electric
Usage/Application: For
Construction

Tower Crane at Best Price in India (indiamart.com)

Luffing Jib Tower Crane

₹ 80 Lakh
Capacity: 6t-160t
Slewing Speed: 0.57 r/min
Radius: 30-80m
Span: 60m
Tip Load: 2t-33t
Voltage: 410 V
Tower Crane at Best Price in India (indiamart.com)
10 Ton Tower Cranes

₹ 10 Lakh
Hoisting Capacity(tons): 10 Ton
Power Source: Electric
Max Height(feet): 20 ft
Material: MS
Country of Origin: Made in India
Surface Finish: Color Coated

Tower Crane at Best Price in India (indiamart.com)

MC125 Potain Hammerhead Tower Crane, Max

Lifting Capacity: 6 Ton, Jib Length: 60 M

₹ 80 Lakh/ PieceGet Latest Price

Maximum Lifting Capacity: 6 Ton
Brand: Potain
Boom Length: 60 Mtr Crane
Type: Hammerhead Max
Height: 44-200 Mtr Jib
Length: 60 m
Tower Crane at Best Price in India (indiamart.com)
 MOBILE CRANES

A mobile crane is a cable-

controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-
tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with
a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as
self-propelled models. They are designed to easily
transport to a site and use with different types of load
and cargo with little or no setup or assembly.
• Mobile cranes generally operate a boom from
the end of which a hook is suspended by wire
rope and sheaves.
• The wire ropes are operated by whatever prime
movers the designers have available, operating
through a variety of transmissions.
• Steam engines, electric motors, and internal
combustion engines (IC) have all been used.
• Older cranes' transmissions tended to be
clutches.
• Some examples of this type of crane can be
converted to a demolition crane by adding a
demolition ball, or to an earthmover by adding a
clamshell bucket or a dragline and scoop,
although design details can limit their
effectiveness.

CRANE TERMINOLOGY
AAR Type "E" coupler serving as a tow hitch on a
mobile crane. Pulling up on the link at the rear
MOBILE CRANE releases the knuckle allowing uncoupling

• Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms, each tailored to a specific use.

• Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower
cranes, used for constructing high buildings.
• Mini-cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate
constructions by reaching tight spaces.
• Finally, we can find larger floating cranes, generally used to build oil rigs and
salvage sunken ships.
• Some lifting machines do not strictly fit the above definition of a crane, but are
generally known as cranes, such as stacker cranes and loader cranes
 TYPES OF MOBILE CRANES
Truck-mounted Crawler
The most basic truck-mounted crane configuration is a "boom A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage
truck" or "lorry loader", which features a rear-mounted rotating fitted with a set of crawler tracks that provide both stability
telescopic-boom crane mounted on a commercial truck chassis. and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity
 Truck-mounted Larger, heavier duty, purpose-built "truck-mounted" cranes are from about 40 to 4,000 long tons.
constructed in two parts: the carrier, often called the lower, and The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready
 Rough terrain
the lifting component, which includes the boom, called the upper. mobility and use, since the crane is able to
 Crawler These are mated together through a turntable, allowing the operate on sites with minimal
 Floating upper to swing from side to side. improvement and stable on its tracks
 Other types These modern hydraulic truck cranes are without outriggers. Wide tracks
usually single-engine machines, with the spread the weight out over a great
• All terrain
same engine powering the undercarriage area and are far better than
• Pick and and the crane. wheels at traversing soft ground
carry without sinking in.
• Side
lifter Rough terrain Floating
• Carry A rough terrain crane has a boom mounted on Floating cranes are used mainly in
deck an undercarriage atop four rubber tires that is designed for off- bridge building
• Telescopi road pick-and-carry operations. Outriggers are used to level and port construction, but they are also used for occasional
c handler and stabilize the crane for hoisting. loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the on and off ships have been used to transport entire bridge
• Harbor
same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane, sections. Floating cranes
 Travel lift similar to a crawler crane. The engine have also been used to
• Railroad is usually mounted in the salvage sunken ships.
• Aerial undercarriage rather than in the Crane vessels are often
upper, as with crawler crane. Most used in offshore
have 4 wheel drive and 4 wheel steering for construction,with a
traversing tighter and slicker terrain than a capacity of 7,100 tonnes
standard truck crane, with less site prep (7,826 short tons;
6,988 long tons)
each.
 OTHER TYPES OF MOBILE CRANES
Travel lift
All terrain Sidelifter A travel lift (also called a boat gantry crane, or boat crane)
An all-terrain crane is a hybrid combining the roadability of a A sidelifter crane is a road- is a crane with two rectangular side panels joined by a
truck-mounted and on-site maneuverability of a rough-terrain going truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist single spanning beam at the top of one end. The crane is
crane. It can both travel at speed on public roads and maneuver and transport ISO standard containers. mobile with four groups of wheels steerable wheels, one
on rough terrain at the job site using Container lift is done with parallel crane- on each corner. These cranes
all-wheel and crab steering. like hoists, which allow boats with
AT's have 2–12 axles and are can lift a masts or tall
designed for lifting loads up to container super structures to
2,000 tonnes (2,205 short tons; from the be removed from the
1,968 long tons).[ ground or water and transported
from a railway around docks or
vehicle. marinas.

Railroad Aerial
Harbour
Pick and carry
Dry bulk or container cranes
A pick and carry crane is similar to a mobile crane in that is
usually in the bay areas or
designed to travel on public roads; however, pick and carry cranes
inland water ways.
have no stabilizer legs or outriggers and are designed to lift the
load and carry it to its destination, within a small radius, then be
able to drive to the next job. Pick and carry cranes are
popular in Australia, where large distances are
Encountered between job sites. Even though
they may be made by other manufacturers.
The capacity range is between Telescopic handler
ten and forty tonnes as a Telescopic handlers are forklift-like trucks that have set of
maximum lift. forks mounted on a telescoping extendable boom like a
crane. Several of the manufacturers have designed
telescopic handlers that rotate 360 degrees through a
turntable and these machines look almost identical to the
Rough Terrain Crane.
 MARKET SURVEY

Demag Used Hydraulic Telescopic Hydra Crane – FUWA

Crane ₹ 80 lakh
₹ 85 Lakh Crane Type: Hydra Crane
• Maximum Lifting Capacity: 200ton
Boom Length: 84 meter/ 24 Meter Fix Jib
• Boom Length: 100
Capacity: 12-400 Tons
• Max Height: 80
Body Material: Iron
• Crane Type: Hydralic
Surface Finish: Color Coated
• Power Source: Hydraulic
Operating Mode: Manual
• Brand: Demag

150 Ton Demag AC395 All Terrain

ACE NXP 150 Mobile Crane
Crane for Sale
₹ 33 Lakh
₹ 55 Lakh
• Capacity: 150 Ton Brand: ACE
• Model: AC395 Model Name/Number: NXP 150
Lifting Capacity: 15 Tons Engine
• Boom: 60 Mtr
• Counterweight: 30 Ton Power: 49 BHP
• Engine: Mercedes Benz Aerial Work Platform Ht.: 21 m
• Jib: 17 Mtr Drive: 2WD
POWER TOOLS
 DEFINATION

• A power tool is defined as a machine or device which is

powered by an additional mechanism or source than the
human body.
• The most common source of power for these tools is an
electric motor base, but there are some which are fueled by
gasoline,
• These incredibly useful tools are found in nearly every industry,
and help to perform tasks that could otherwise be impossible or
extremely difficult to complete.
• Power tools are not restricted to any one setting, profession, or
environment. The actual tool you will buy will, however, call for
a specific use.
• Power tools are used literally everywhere, in the home,
apartment, condo and all the way to the professionals at job sites
and builders. Many types of power tools will also be found in use
with metalworkers, DYI hobbyists, mechanics, and so on.
TYPES OF POWER TOOLS

SIDE GRINDER
• Also known as angle grinders or disc grinders, side grinders are a handheld power tool
which cut, grind, and polish metal and non-metal objects. A compressed tool, petrol
engine, or an electric motor is required to power these tools.
• They are available in both corded and cordless forms and can be used for cutting and
smoothing out hard edges and materials like stone, metal, wood, etc.

AIR COMPRESSOR
• An air compressor has compressed energy in the form of gasoline or electric energy.
When you use this device, it continues to store the compressed energy in the tank until it
reaches its limitation.
• the capacity and pressure power of an air compressor varies, depending on its model.
CHAINSAW
• Chainsaws are mechanical power tools that are commonly found everywhere – homes,
construction sites, car shops, and machine shops.
• They are identified by their rotating teeth which are attached to a rotating chain on a
guide bar. A cylinder engine with a battery pack or gasoline is essential to power the
chainsaw.

CIRCULAR SAW
• Circular saws are identified by their sharp, abrasive blade or disc that cut material
in a rotary motion. it consists of a frame on the top and sides of the saw for the
protection of a user. The bottom part of the saw does the cutting which is why it
lacks a covering.
• These saws can cut any type of material whether it is wood, plastic, masonry, or
metal. They also come in various forms – corded, cordless, portable, or hand-held.
TABLE SAW
• A table saw as the name suggests, is attached to a table with the blade pointing through the
slot. In this way, whatever needs to be trimmed, cut, or saw, can easily be glided against
the power machine. Table saws, like many other tools, function by an electric motion.
However, some of them are driven by gears or belts as well.
• The best feature of a table saw that other tools may not offer is the ability to adjust
according to the users’ need. We can move the saw up and down, depending on how much
of saw you may require.

RECIPROCATING SAW
• Reciprocating saws come with a blade that functions in a push-and-pull way to cut
material. The blade of these saws bears a resemblance with a jigsaw since they both are
large and toothed with a long nose and handle at the end of the tool.
• The most common application of reciprocating saws is found at construction sites,
repairing or remodeling jobs.
HEAT GUN
• Heat guns are handheld machines that generate hot air for a wide variety of tasks. For
example, heat guns are used to strip old paint, shrink materials like film, dry wood, or
tubing, bend hard plastic, or thaw frozen pipes.
• These special guns need electricity to produce heat; generally, the temperature of hot air
is around 100 degrees Celsius to 550 degrees Celsius. The heat directed toward the target
is through a nozzle and spreads around by an electric fan.

DRILL
• A drilling machine is the most essential tool for any tool collector. Driven both manually
and electrically, a drilling machine is used for a variety of tasks such as piercing a hole
in a wall, fixing screws in solid space, etc.

HAMMER DRILL
• Also known as rotary hammers or hammering drills, this type of drill machine is used for
tasks that require speed, efficiency, and power. Hammer drills work faster than a
traditional drill, meaning that it can punch holes more accurately and powerfully. All of
this can be achieved in a short amount of time.
JIGSAW
• Also known as a “bayonet saw”, a jigsaw is the most effective power tool for cutting
materials in versatile shapes. This handheld device works with the help of an electric motor
and a saw blade.
• Jigsaws are also best for home-use applications as they can be used to cut bevels, carve
pumpkins, and so much more.

JOINTER
• A jointer is a tool that helps smooth or flatten the edges of a surface like wood. This power
tool also cuts the wood into a desired width and breadth. Most of the times, when people
cut the wood by hand, it results in uneven edges. But luckily, with a jointer, you can evenly
level the rough edges instantly.

LATHE
• A lathe is a popular power machine used for shaping a variety of materials such as metal and
wood. It consists of a rotational drive that rotates a workpiece which is set against the
cutting tool. The machine provides operations like sanding, knurling, cutting, drilling,
facing, and turning.
• NAIL GUN
• Nail guns or nailers are a type of tools that are used for driving nails into wood or any
other type of material.
• Nail guns are specifically used in circumstances when simple tools like a hand-held hammer
fail to drive into an object. This happens when the material is super tough that a basic power
tool is unable to drive the nail.

• ROUTER
• A router is a powerful tool that “routs” a hole of materials like wood or plastic. Commonly,
woodworkers use routers for the construction of cabinetry. For them, these tools are
exceedingly portable and versatile which is why they are a must-have.

• BELTSANDER
• Sanding is a crucial aspect of carpentry as it removes dents, mill marks, and other flaws from an
object. Many types of sanders are used to carry out this purpose; the most useful and largest of
all is a belt sander.
• It features an electric motor, a pair of cylinders, and sandpapers, helping in trimming and
finishing wooden objects. They are also used for the purpose of smoothing rough surfaces,
leveling out and shaping objects.
 TYPES OF HAND TOOLS
• WRENCH
• A wrench is a hand tool that allows you to firmly hold standard sized bolts and
nuts that are going to be loosened& tightened. Wrenches can be classified into
two types- open-end or box-end wrenches, although, typically wrenches have
both on either end.

• SCREWDRIVER
• Screwdrivers are devices that are designed specifically to drive in or remove
screws. The size and shape of a screwdriver depending on the type of screw it is
designed to fit. A better compatibility between the screwdriver and screw results
in lesser chances of the screws from slipping off your hands.

• PLIERS
• Pliers are first-class levers that function when the force applied by the hand is
executed at its jaws. One big advantage of pliers lies in the fact that they give you
the advantage of manipulating an object in their grasp by executing power and
leverage.
• HAMMER
• Hammers are robust hand tools that are used to deliver a tremendous force to a
small area after hitting an object. The head of a typical hammer has one blunt flat
side for hitting objects which can sometimes be textured for a better grip.
• The opposite side consists of a claw that is used to leverage objects apart or
remove nails. The primary aim of a hammer is to drive nails, especially in
households. Hammers can be of diverse types such as Carpenter Hammers,
sledgehammers, etc.

• HANDSAWS
• Hand saws are popular hand tools that should adorn every professional’s quiver.
They are of diverse types based on their specialization and can be found in any
carpenter’s shop. Some examples of hand saws are ripsaw, crosscut saw,
hacksaw, compass saw, etc. A hacksaw is the most famous and easily
recognizable type of hand saw that is designed to cut through metals.
• BARS
• Another popular strain of hand tools are Bars. They can be classified into many types
such as flat bars, wrecking bars, etc. Flat Bars are nifty hand tools that are used to gain
leverage when you try to pry apart two connected objects.
• Besides, they are equally effective at removing nails, too. Whereas, a wrecking Baris
hexagonal in shape, longer in length than a flat bar and generally give greater leverage.
Wrecking bars are used for separating objects then removing nails.

• PUNCH TOOLS
• A Punch is a rod-shaped hand tool that is generally used to strike with a hammer to drive
a nail, make a hole or create an impression on an object. The tip of the punch is shaped
in tandem with its task. Punches can also be used for diverse crafting purposes such as
creating decorative art pieces, to name a few.

• CHISELS
• Chisels are used for woodworking, masonry and metal work. Each requires a specific
type of chisel. In fact, there are multiple chisel options within each area of work.
 MARKET SURVEY
S.N0. HAND TOOLS BRAND PRICE PER UNIT (RUPEES)
1. WRENCH JK SUPER DRIVERS 125-350
2. SCREW DRIVER TAPARIA 25-94
3. PLIER TAPARIA 80-200
4. HAMMER BAUM 75-160
5. HAND SAW WIKUS 1505
6. BAR PAHAL 262
7. PUNCH TOOLS (12MM) BRADMA 667
8. CHISELS(18MM) VISCO 82

https://www.moglix.com/hand-tools/screw-drivers/112170000?sC=no
S.N0. POWER TOOLS BRAND PRICE PER UNIT (RUPEES)
1. SIDE GRINDER BOSCH 2,000
2. AIR COMPRESSOR(30 LITRES) ELEPHANT 14,490
3. CHAIN SAW STIHL 14,150
4. CIRCULAR SAW BOSCH 8,066
5. TABLE SAW BOSCH 13,000
6. RECIPROCATING SAW INGCO 4,699
7. HEAT GUN BOSCH 2,076
8. DRILL BOSCH 3,749
9. HAMMER DRILL BOSCH 5,500
10. JIG SAW BOSCH 14,372
11. LATHE BHAVYA MACHINE 1,81,500
12. JOINTER PORTER CABLE 92,389
13. ROUTER MASS PRO 4,499
14. NAIL GUN STANLEY 6,866
15. BELT SANDER VOLTZ 11,990
CONCRETE VIBRATOR
What is a Concrete Vibrator?

• A concrete vibrator is a construction tool typically used on concrete pouring sites.

• These machines can come in several different shapes and sizes.
• Some are small and run strictly on battery power, while others are much larger
with a primary power source stemming from electric power cords.
• Choosing the right concrete vibrator can help settle your concrete for long- term
stability and maintenance.

Why Use a Concrete Vibrator?

• The vibrators are used to ensure that the pour is free of air bubbles and are
even.
• This is so that the concrete remains strong and has a smooth finish even after
removal of the form work.
• It is not exactly necessary for small jobs but it can be essential for large load
bearing projects.
• Attachments are selected on the basis of depth and type of concrete used
during the concrete pour.
• A typical concrete vibrator utilizes an off-center weight that spins at 10000 times
a minute
What Kind of Concrete Vibrator Do You Need?

• The length and depth of your project determines what vibrator is best for your needs.
• There are many types of concrete vibrators, each with its own head size.
• The practicality of internal vibrators makes them the most commonly used choice available.
• Internal vibrators are typically better priced and offer unparalleled maneuverability due to their size and weight.
• High frequency concrete vibrators perform a power conversion of single-phase energy into three-phase energy, which is a beneficial
feature due to the power consistency it provides for large-scale projects.
• External concrete vibrators are an optimal choice for any vertical project, such as walls or other areas that require maximum
reinforcement.
• They can also be useful for downsizing mistakes that can be caused by other types of internal vibrators.
• Internal gas vibrators are clearly the best option when electricity is either not available or presents a safety hazard on the work site. They
also work well for distinct locations such as curbing, gutters and construction joints that call for additional precaution.
• Vibratory screeds are a suitable, user-friendly option due to the operator’s ability to remain standing in an upright position. Ease of
use and a reputation for being lightweight makes the screed a good choice for large or small, indoor or outdoor projects, such as
patios, driveways, and indoor or outdoor basketball courts.
Types of Vibrators Used
1. Internal Vibrator 2. External Vibrator

• They are also called immersion, pokeror needle
vibrators.
• They essentially consist of a power unit and a long
flexible tube at the end of which a vibrating head is
attached.
• Power is provided by electric motor, compressed air
or petrol engines.
• They are clamped to the formwork
horizontally and vertically at suitable
spacing not exceeding 90 cm in either
direction.
• As the work progress they are shifted. They
vibrate the concrete
3. Surface Vibrator
• They are also called screed or pan vibrators.
• They are clamped to the screed.
• They vibrate the concrete from the surface at the time when
screeding (striking off) of the concrete is carried out.
• They are effective only if depth of concrete is upto 20 cm.
• If the depth is more they can be used in combination with
internal vibrators.
• They are used for long horizontal surfaces such as
pavements and slabs.

4. Vibrating Table

• These are rigidly built steel platforms mounted on steel

springs and driven by electric motors.
• The concrete is placed in moulds mounted on the platforms and
securely clamped to the vibrating table, so that mould and
concrete vibrate in union.
• Vibrating tables are used for compacting stiff and harsh mixes
used in precast structural members in factories and laboratory
specimens.
CORRECT WAY OF USING CONCRETE VIBRATOR
RESULT DUE TO IMPROPER USE OF CONCRETE VIBRATOR
• Honeycom • Excessive amount of entrapped air
• Sand streak

• Subsidence Cracking

• Cold joint

• Placement line
Concrete Vibrator Machine
₹ 15,000/ Piece

Frequency 50 Hz Khodiyar Electric Concrete Vibrator

Fuel Petrol
₹ 4,375/
Voltage 240 V
Unit
Power 3 HP
Body Material Cast Iron
Phase 3
Brand Khodiyar
Power 2 - 3 HP
Material MS & Rubber
3 Phase Handy Needle Vibrator, Power: 2.2 hp Frequency 50 Hz
Electric Motor Speed 2800 RPM
₹ 3,500/ Piece
Brand/Make Hulk lokpal
Power 2.2HP (3 PHASE)
Minimum Order 1 Piece
Quantity
Body CI Body
Power 2.2HP (3 PHASE)
PUMPS
USES OF PUMPS
Pumps are used extensively on construction projects for:
1. Removing water from pits, tunnels. and other excavations.
2. Dewatering cofferdams.
3. Furnishing water for jetting and sluicing.
4. Furnishing water for many types of utility services.
5. Lowering the water table for excavations.
6. Foundation grouting.

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

The pumps commonly used on construction projects may be

classified as:
1. Displacement
a. Reciprocating
b. Diaphragm
2. Centrifugal
a. Conventional
b. Self- priming
c. Air operated
RECIPROCATING PUMPS
• A reciprocating pump operates as the result of the movement of a piston inside a cylinder.
• The capacity of a reciprocating pump depends essentially on the speed at which the pump is operated and is
independent of the head.
• The maximum head at which a reciprocating pump will deliver water depends on the strength of the
component parts of the pump and the power available to operate the pump.
• The capacity of reciprocating pumps may be varied considerably by varying the speed of the pump.
The advantages of reciprocating pumps are:

1. They are able to pump at a uniform rate against varying

heads.
2. Their capacity can be increased by increasing the speed.
3. They have reasonably high efficiency regardless of the head and
speed.
4. They are usually self-priming

The disadvantages of reciprocating pumps are summarized as

follows:

1. The heavy weight and large size for the given capacity.
2.The possibility of valve trouble, especially in pumping water containing
abrasive solids.
3. The pulsating flow of water.
4. The danger of damaging a pump when operating against a high head.
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
• The principle under which a diaphragm pimp operates is shown in Figure 1.
• The central portion of the flexible diaphragm is alternately raised and lowered by the pump rod, which is connected to a walking
beam.
• This action draws water into and discharges it from the pump.
• Because this type of pump will handle clear water or water containing large quantities of mud, sand, sludge, and trash, it is popular
as a construction pump.
• It is perfect for use on jobs where the quantity of water varies considerably, as the loss of prime during low flow does not prevent
the pump from automatically re- priming when the quantity of water increases.
• The Contractor’s Pump Bureau specifies that diaphragm pumps shall be manufactured in the size and capacity ratings as given in
Table 1.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• A centrifugal pump contains a rotation element, called an impeller, which imparts to water passing through the pump
a velocity sufficiently great to cause it to flow from the pump, even against considerable pressure.
• A mass of water may possess energy due to either its height above a given datum or its velocity. The former is
potential, whereas the latter is kinetic energy.
• One type of energy can be converted into the other under favourable conditions.
SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS

• Submersible pumps are very useful in

dewatering
1. Tunnels
2. foundation pits
3. Trenches, others
• Figure illustrates an electric motor
operated submersible pump.

PUMP SELECTION
The factors that should be considered in selecting pumps for
construction applications include:
1. Dependability.
2. Availability of repair parts.
3. Simplicity to permit easy repairs.
4. Economical installation and operation.
5. Operating power requirements.
Centrifugal Water Pumps, 2900 Rpm, Electric
₹ 9,500/ Piece
Power Source Electric
Speed 2900 RPM
Min Power Range 0.37 kW
Max Power Range 2.2 kW
Voltage Range 230V +10 - 15%
Finish Coated Stainless Steel Three Phase Semi-Automatic Pumps
₹ 22,500
Material of Stainless steel
Single Stage Three Phase High Flow Centrifugal Construction
Pumps, Model Name/Number: APC-50/200 Application Industrial, Commercial
₹ 18,500/ Piece Motor Phase Three Phase
Power Source Electric
Motor Horsepower 5 HP Type of end use Industrial
Model APC-50/200 Automation Grade Semi-Automatic
Name/Number
Stages Single Stage
Motor Phase Three Phase
Pump Type BACK PULL OUT PUMP
Size 80X50 MM
READY MIX CONCRETE
Ready Mix Concrete - Definition

 Ready mix concrete is concrete whose components are

proportioned away from the construction site for delivery to
the construction site by the truck in a ready-to-use-
condition.”
 Ready-mix concrete is also termed as the customized
concrete products for commercial purpose.
 Ready-mix concrete (RMC) refers to concrete that is
specifically manufactured for delivery to the customer’s
construction site in a freshly mixed and plastic or
unhardened state.
 Concrete itself is a mixture of Portland cement, water
and aggregates comprising sand and gravel or crushed
stone.
 Manufacture of Ready-Mix Concrete

• Ready mix concrete has cement, aggregates, sand, water and other
chemicals, which are weigh- batched at a centrally located plant for a
premium quality.
• The concrete is then delivered to the construction site in transit mixers
and can be used straight away without any further treatment.
• The automatic plant monitors weigh-batching, water-cement ratio,
dosage of admixture, moisture content, with precision to produce
quality concrete.
• All ingredients used for the preparation of ready mix concrete are
thoroughly tested for their quality and physical properties in a well
equipped laboratory attached to the plant for conformity to relevant
international standard codes.
• The moisture probe determines the water content in the sand and
aggregates.
• This accordingly helps in fixing the proportion of water to be added for
the preparation of the mix.
• Trial mixes are carried out and tested to ensure that each and every
batch of concrete coming out of the plant meets various mix designs as per
the client’s requirement with different grades of concrete.
 NEED FOR READY MIX CONCRETE

• Requirement for higher grades of concrete

• Correct accountability ingredients
• Rapid development of infrastructure industry
• Increased demand of concrete
• Possibility of manufacture of desired grades
• Mega project demands higher output
• Timely supply of reliable concrete
• The applications of ready-mix concrete found in
residential construction are in kerb bedding and
backing, reinforced and un-reinforced
foundations, single- and double-story extension,
reinforced and unreinforced house floors, garage
and septic tank bedding, trench fill, garden shed
and wall, drainage, heavy goods vehicle (HGV)
parking and driveways, paths, steps, and external
paving, and hard standings.
Advantages Of Ready Mix Concrete
• Quality assurance
• Elimination of manual errors
• Mass production of concrete possible
• Water cement ratio maintained
• Reduced material wastage
• Labour cost saved
• Design mix as per IS standards resulting in
standard deviation and improved
characteristics.
Disadvantages Of Ready Mix Concrete
• The materials are batched at a central plant, and the
mixing begins at that plant
• Generation of additional road traffic; furthermore,
access roads, and site access have to be able to carry
the weight of the truck and load.
• Concrete's limited time span between mixing and
going-off
TRANSIT MIXER

● Transit mixer as the name implies, basically cosists

engine , truck fram and rotatating mixer
● A concrete mixer primarily consists of a revolving drum,
a motor, and a shaft
● It is used for uniform mixing of concrete of already mixed
concrete during its transit
● It has a wide range of application specially for mass
concreting works like Construction of Canals, Bridges, Tata SIGNA 2823.K RMC https://tatatrucks.tatamotors.com/tata-
Highways, Dams, Multi-storeyed & Industrial Buildings, trucks/tippers/tata-signa-2823-k-rmc-std-
6s/overview.aspx
Factories, Airports and for Ready Mixed Concrete Works
(R.M.C.), etc.

 A Transit Mixer can perform the following 3 functions :-

● It can mix coarse aggregates , fine aggregates, cement and

water while it is moving or stationary
● It can prevent segregation of already mixed concrete
during transit by agitation, as a result of slow revolution of
drum.
● It can completely mix the ‘shrink mixed’ concrete i.e. the
concrete which is partially mixed in central batching plant
and mixing plant while it is moving or stationary.

Terminology https://aimixconcretemixertruck.com/truck-
mounted-concrete-mixer-sale/
PARTS OF TRANSIT MIXER
 Drum and blades
The mixing drum is made of high abrasion resistant steel and blades of
high abrasion resistant alloy steel to mix any type of ready mix concrete
and to discharge it smoothly.
Features:-
Detachable triangle blades for good mixing performance.
Option of one or two holes in the drum for easy cleaning work.
https://roubpheap24.blogspot.com/202
1/03/concrete-mixer-trucks.html
 Hopper
Wide mouth hopper specially designed to receive sticky ready mix Hopper
concrete in large quantities with ease.

 Hopper steps and handrail

Layout of hopper steps and handrails are made user friendly for standing
at ease for cleaning purpose ensuring better safety .Side steps made
Hopper
from rust proof steel are attached as a standard equipment with stripes step and
for anti slip and fender for easy movement. scoop handr
 Scoop
Scoop is made from Abrasion resistant steel for durability and weight
reduction Instead of traditional MS thick plates with liners

 Chute Chute
Easy to use chute made of high abrasion resistant steel is provided with
two options of detachable chute extents on for smooth flow of discharged
concrete.
https://www.engineeringintro.com/all-about-construction-
equipments/transit-mixer-parts-concrete-discharging/
WORKING
• The revolving drum is used to mix all the components of concrete.
• Inside the mixer, an operator feeds data into the mixer and several augers feed aggregate and cement together.
• Water is added to the mix and larger augers blend the components and the number of revolutions should be 70-100 rpm.
• A series of blades or a screw powered by the motor keeps the aggregate, water and cement in constant motion, this keeps the premixed
concrete from setting.
• Most transit mixers have a separate water tank in the truck.
• The spinning drum keeps the dry ingredients, aggregate and cement mixing during most of the trip. The speed of the drum should be
12-14 rpm.
• The direction of the drum's spin squishes the wet concrete into the back of the mixer .
• When the mixer arrives at the site, the driver reverses the direction of the machine to push it out of the mixer to the chute.
• The concrete reach the site within 1 1/2hr or 2hr depending on the atmospheric temp.

http://apolloinffratechblog.apolloinffratech.com/transit-
mixer-working- methodology/#:~:text=The%20transit
%20mixer%20is%20lo aded,rotates%20on%20its%20own
%20axis.
• When large slabs are being constructed, the concrete being used are not placed there manually like in the past. To speed up the work and
to be able to pour large amounts of concrete onto a slab before the concrete starts to set, concrete pumps do the job.
• When the formwork of a slab is completed, it is time for the building contractor to order the ready mixed concrete for the slab and to book
a suitable concrete pump.The concrete pump is set up by a competent concrete pump operator next to the slab. The ready mixed concrete
arrives on the construction site and pours the concrete into the hopper of the concrete pump.
• The hopper is located at the back of the concrete pump. The powerful hydraulic system of the concrete pump (with guidance from the
concrete pump operator) then pumps the concrete through the lengthy pipeline to wherever the concrete is supposed to go.
• The concrete pump operator positions and guides the boom/pipeline with his super awesome remote control, making the pouring of
concrete quick and hassle-free.
• Concrete pumps can pump up to 150 cubes of concrete per hour.
 MARKET SURVEY

•the cost of M30 grade of concrete is Rs. 4500/cubic metre. It may

vary from place to place.
 Refrences
 https://www.bulldozer.in/hydraulic-bulldozer/
 https://lckingscourier.net/23802/jh-king-news/stem/bulldozer/
 https://www.ebay.com/itm/Equipment-Brochure-Caterpillar-
834B-Wheel-Tractor-c1982-E3942-/312047979792?_ul=IN
 https://worthpart.wordpress.com/category/undercarriage-parts/
 http://keliluput2.likemarshmallows.fr/free-construction-
equipment-wiring-schematics.html
 https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/bulldozer-chian-
undercarriage-parts-machinery-part_62164699778.html
 https://specs.lectura.de/de/type/baumaschinen/raddozer-
caterpillar/814k-11705533
 http://www.schmidtequipment.com/equipment-sales/john-deere-
construction-equipment/crawler-dozers
 https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/bulldozer-types
 https://in.pinterest.com/pin/742601426032647346/
 https://www.equipmentjournal.com/construction-
equipment/deere-introduces-mechanical-angle-blade-crawler-
dozers/
 https://hwpartstore.com/blogs/tips/identifying-dozer-hydraulic-
cylinders
 bulldozer-180514190709.pdf
 bulldozers-130804131337-phpapp01.pdf
 dozers-160420171152.pdf
 WHEEL5BULLDOZERS.pdf
• https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/bulldozer-types
• https://www.slideshare.net/vicmelo/manual-de-rendimiento-komatsu- ed30
• https://explorecivilsights.blogspot.com/2019/11/power-shovel-basic-parts-
operation.html
• https://constructionor.com/power-shovel/
• https://www.dozer.in/bulldozer-ripper-attachment/
• https://cidattachments.com/product/x-treme-brush-cutter
• https://s7d2.scene7.com/is/content/Kennametal/B-14-
04122_KMT_Grader_Blades_FINAL_LRpdf
• https://blog.iseekplant.com.au/blog/types-of-scraper-
machines-used-on-
construction-sites
• https://kor-pak.com/compactor-used-construction/
• https://ww
w.catrentalstore.com/en_US/blog/backhoe-vs-excavator.ht
ml
• https://www.civilclick.com/road-roller/
• https://basiccivilengineering.com/2015/05/use-of-road-rollers-in-
construction.html
• https://ww
w.ics50.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-concrete-vibrators/
• http://www.assakkaf.com/Courses/ENCE420/Lectures/Chapter20.pdf
• https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ready-mixed-concrete-types-
advantages/6712/
• https://www.buildersmart.in/blogs/Ready-mix-concrete
• https://www.acclimited.com/products/ready-mixed-concrete
Thank You