Emergency

Restoration System
Structural Analysis-
Computer programs
P.C.S.Reddy
Sr.Engineer
Operation Services
Secunderabad
 Self supporting structure Vs
Modular structure
Self supporting
Built small angular section
Designed to withstand all types of
loads on its own
Span limited by weight span and
angle of deviation
Tested under real specified
loading conditions
Only special loading conditions
needs to be analysed
Supported on guys
Built in special type of modular
aluminum alloy sections
Designed to withstand buckling
loads only
Limitation is only buckling loads
and bending moment
Varying loading condition
Needs structure analysis for every
loading and geometry of the tower
configuration.
 LOADING CONDITIONS
i). Transverse Load
a). Due to Conductor & Earthwire.
Pressure x area (diaxlength)x drag
b). Due to insulator string. Where,
Pressure x area (diaxlength)x drag
c). Deviation loads
2T. Sin(D/2)

ii).Vertical Load

iii). Longitudinal Load

ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• NEED FOR COMPUTER ANALYSIS
– The ERS Modular structure is basically
designed to withstand Bending Moment and
Buckling capacity to a limited value
– The Max. Bending Moment <190KN-M
– The Max. Buckling Strength<18000psi
– The Max. Guy Plate strength<134KN
– We should ascertain that the proposed
structure in the line should not violate the
above parameters.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• NEED FOR COMPUTER ANALYSIS
– Since the above analysis by using analytical method
is a cumbersome and time consuming.
– The basic objective of deploying ERS is to restore the
normalicy at a faster pace.
– The solution can only be obtained in successive
iterations by using Numerical methods.
– Therefore all these jobs can be performed by the
computer within a short time.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• COMPUTER SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
– ERS Software was initial designed to work in
DOS based environment
– The Latest Revision in 2002 can work in
Windows Environment too.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS IN DOS
MODE
– IBM PC/XT/AT or Compatible computer
– RAM 256KB
– HARD DISC REQUIREMENT –500KB
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• As stated earlier the primary design limitation for
any ERS structure is the bending moment and
Buckling strength.
• The calculation of both the Bending Moment and
Buckling loads depends on the column
eccentricity.
• Typically all tall columns subjected to high winds
are limited by the bending moment
• The shorter columns with heavy vertical loads
will be limited by the buckling capacity.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• ECCENTRICITY
– Eccentricity on the column is primarily due to
three factors.
• Off centre loading of Guy wires and insulators (In
General this factor will be lesser than 6”)
• Eccentricity due to Wind Load (This factor will be
calculated automatically within the Program)
• Other Uncontrolled field factors (A Value of lesser
than 6” is typically used)
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• LOADING PARAMETERS
– The ERS is primarily deployed purely as a
temparory bypass arrangement to the
permanent line. Hence a reduction in the
loading parameters as applicable to
permanent towers is permitted , which
otherwise will limit the structure.
ERS- COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• NATURE OF LOADS
– Generally the ERS structure is
subjected to the following loads.

– Transverse load
– Line tension load
– Vertical load
– Wind load on the column
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• TRANSVERSE LOAD
 This is mainly due to the wind pressure acting on the
conductor and is calculated as detailed below.

 TC = (DC+2*RI)/12)+Wcond*NC*WDWT*Sh lbs/ft

Where DC= The Conductor diameter in inches

RI = Radial Ice in inches
12 = Conversion factor from inches to feet
Wcond= The wind pressure on the conductor in lb/ft2
NC = No. of sub conductors per phase
WDWT = Wind span to weight span ratio
Sh = Horizontal overload factor
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• LINE TENSION LOAD
 This is mainly due to the conductor tension
introduced by the Line deviation
 TCc= 2*Tcon*NC*sin(/2)*St
• Where
• Tc= Sub conductor tension in lb
• NC = No. of sub conductors per phase
•  = The total line angle
• St = The line tension overload factors
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• VERTICAL LOAD
 This is mainly due to the vertical weight of the
conductor and is given by
 VC = (*((RI+RC)2 - RC2)*57/144)+WC)*NC*SV
Where
RI = Radial Ice in inches
RC = Conductor radius in inches
57 = Density of water in lbs/ft3
144 = The conversion factor from sq inches to sq ft
WC = Unit weight of the conductor in lbs
NC = No of sub conductors per phase
SV = Vertical over load factor
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• COLUMN WIND LOAD
– This is due to the wind pressure acting on the ERS
Column.
 W = 1.12 *SF *w lbs/ft
Where
1.12 = The projected area per unit length of the L
section of the column
SF = Shape factor . Usually it will be between 2.65 to
3.2
w = Unit wind load on the column.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• Once the programme computes the above
preliminery loading details , the
programme enters the solution routine and
calculates the critical bending moment and
critical buckling strength under column
eccentric conditions.
• Compares the computed values with the
limiting values and accordingly gives the
solution
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
Load the program in the Hard Disc
Type ‘ERS’ at the DOS prompt
A Screen consisting of the graphics of
different ERS towers will appear along with a
menu in the bottom of the screen
The Menu in the bottom are ‘ P-Critical ‘,
‘Erection Loads’ , ‘Utilities’ , ‘ Quit’.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
Select the structure to be analysed using
arrow keys and press Enter key.
A menu will appear with the Following titles.
» 1.Conductor/OHGW data
» 2.Wind/Ice/OLF Loading data
» 3.Line profile/Span/Height data
» 4.Structure Geometry/Guying data
» 5.Analyze structure
» 6.Quit.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
– Select Menu 1 to input the conductor details and press enter
key.
– A format will appear on the screen seeking the
conductor/OHGW details along with a menu on the bottom of the
screen
– The Bottom of the screen consists of ‘Edit data , Load data ,
Save data ,Print data, Delete data or Return ‘
– To input the conductor/OHGW details the Edit menu has to be
selected.
– Enter the conductor/OHGW details such as diameter , No of sub
conductors , Everyday Tension etc
– Generally we are not using OHGW and enter its diameter as
zero.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
– After inputting all the relevent parameters , then select
the save data menu and the program asks to save the
dataset in what No out of 20 data sets.
– Input the dataset No and Program asks for the
Dataset Name.
– After naming the dataset , select load data and the
program seeks for the dataset No to be loaded for the
purpose of analysis.
– Enter the dataset No to be loaded into the programe
and Return to main menu by selecting the Return
Menu.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• HOW THE PROGRAM WORKS
– By selecting Menu 2 the program seeks for the data
pertaining to Wind/Ice loading/Over Load factors.
– Input the Wind Pressure , Ice Loading Details and the
Following Over load factors
• Horizontal Tension Over load factor
• Vertical Over load factor
• Line Tension Over load factor

Normally they will be taken as 1.1 for a structure under

heavy wind conditions.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM INPUTS
– After Saving the dataset for Menu 2 Load the dataset and
return to Main Menu
– By Selecting Menu 3 the program will seek for the input details
of Line Profile/Span/Height Data
– Input the details such as the Line angle , whether analysis is
to be made for a specific span or General span,
– In case of a specific span , input the span details by using the
span calculation sheet and minimum height of the conductor
from the ground etc.
– Generally the Spans for ERS structure are limited upto a span
length of 300meters
– Save the dataset and load the dataset and Return to Main
Menu.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM INPUTS
– Select Menu 4 for inputting the details of Structure
Geometry/Guying Details.
– Press Edit Menu and enter the input details as sought
by the program.
– The structure Geometry details such as the length of
the insulator string, Energised Hardware radius and
Whether Intermediate Guying is required or Not.
– The Intermediate guying increases the bending
moment capacity of the structure to a great extent.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM INPUTS
– The Guying details such as No. of Guys , Guy
slopes are to be inputted.
– No. of Guys depends on the selection of
method of guying.
– Enter the No. of Back guys , side guys and
their horizontal and vertical slope.
– As a thumb rule the vertical guy slope should
be 1 and the horizontal guy slope should be
greater than 2
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM INPUTS – GUYING METHODS
– Single Guy
– Double Guy
– Tripple Guy Method

SINGLE DOUBLE TRIPPLE

ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM INPUTS
– After inputting all the above details Save the
dataset and load the dataset for analysis
– Return to Main Menu
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• PROGRAM ANALYSIS
– Select Menu 5 for analysing the structure under the given
loading conditions , with the required span lengths and the
height of the structure.
– The computer will analyse the structure and displays its analysis
on the screen whether the structure under analysis shall support
the specified wind and weight spans and the structure height or
Not.
– If the solution is not available it asks the user to reduce the span
or height of the structure or to increase the guy slopes.
– If solution is not available, rerun the program by reducing the
span length.
– If the solution is available, it asks the user whether to give a print
output or not.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• COLUMN ERECTION ANALYSIS
– Apart from the structure analysis , the program also
helps in carrying out the column erection analysis.
– Select Erection loads in the main menu and press
enter.
– This will lead to another menu consisting of four sub
menu’s.
– The Four sub Menu’s are detailed below
– 1. Column assembly details
– 2. Construction Method and Geometry Details
– 3. Erection Analysis
– 4. Quit
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• Column Erection Analysis
– Select Sub menu 1 and enter the Column
assembly details and save and load the
dataset.
– Select Menu 2 and select the method of
column erection and enter the geometry
details. At present We are following Three
methods. They are
» 1. GIN pole method
» 2. Winch Line Erection
» 3. Boom Crane Method
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• COLUMN ERECTION ANALYSIS
– Save and load the data set and return to main menu.
– By selecting sub menu 3 , the program will analyse
the structure with the given geometrical details and
will give the details such as Max. bending capacity
and the amount of effort required to erect the
structure etc.
– Take a print out of the Column erection analysis and
quit to main menu.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• The Utilities menu allows the user to select
the method of units and also allows the
user to delete the saved datasets.
ERS – COMPUTER ANALYSIS
• CONCLUSIONS
– The computer programme in ERS will render
immense help to the user and with good
amount of experience , it becomes easy to
analyse any structure how complicated it may
be.