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Correlation Coefficient
Correlation Coefficient
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INDEX
Index
Act 1
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Student Activity 1: Introduction
Index
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Act 1
• Do you think there is a link between the size of an engine and the fuel
efficiency of a particular car?
Act 2
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Student Activity 1
Index
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Drawing a scatter plot
Act 1
Below is some recent research about engine sizes. This data shows the
engine size and the fuel economy of a range of petrol car.
Act 2
Act 3
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Index
ii. Describe, in your own words the relationship between the engine size
and fuel economy of these cars.
__________________________________________________________
Act 1
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Act 2
Act 3
iii A car manufacturer produces a new car with a 1.8 litre engine and a
fuel efficiency of 17 kilometres per litre. Plot this car’s performance on
Act 4
your scatter plot. If you were interested in buying a new car that was
fuel efficient with this size engine would you buy this car? Write a short
Act 5
comment.
Act 6
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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Student Activity 2A: Introduction
Index
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• How could you measure the strength of the relationship?
Act 1
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Index
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Note: There is no universally accepted criterion for applying the adjectives
Act 1
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Index
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• What type of correlation do we have if the correlation coefficient is -0.43?
Act 1
Student Activity 1?
Act 5
• Could it be -0.4?
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Index
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• Draw a scatter plot that would have a strong positive correlation?
Act 1
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Student Activity 2A
Index
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Correlation Coefficient: The scale
(i) On the number line below shade in the possible values of the correlation coefficient.
Act 1
Act 2
(ii) On the number line below shade in the possible values of the correlation coefficient
that indicate a strong positive correlation.
Act 3
(iii) On the number line below shade in the possible values of the correlation coefficient
Act 4
(iv) On the number line below shade in the possible values of the correlation coefficient
that indicate a strong negative correlation
Act 6
(v) On the number line below shade in the possible values of the correlation coefficient
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Student Activity 2B
Index
Lesson interaction
Matching Correlations Coefficients to scatter plots
The table shows the correlations for the four graphs below. Match each graph to
Act 1
D B C
Act 2
A
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Matching Correlations Coefficients to scatter plots
Index
The table shows the correlations for the four graphs below. Match each graph to
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the correlation coefficient.
Act 1
C B A D
Act 2
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Sharp Casio Act 6 Act 5 Act 4 Act 3 Act 2 Act 1 Index
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Sharp Casio Act 6 Act 5 Act 4 Act 3 Act 2 Act 1 Index
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Sharp Casio Act 6 Act 5 Act 4 Act 3 Act 2 Act 1 Index
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Sharp Casio Act 6 Act 5 Act 4 Act 3 Act 2 Act 1 Index
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Sharp Casio Act 6 Act 5 Act 4 Act 3 Act 2 Act 1 Index
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Student Activity 3A: Introduction
Index
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In Student Activities 2B and 2C we were matching Correlation coefficients to
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• What is a variable?
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Student Activity 3A
Index
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Interpreting the data and the Correlation Coefficient
An ice cream seller records the maximum daily temperature and the number of
Act 1
ice creams she sells each day. Her results for a period of ten days are shown in
the table.
Act 2
Act 3
(i) Display the data in a way that allows you to examine the relationship
between the two variables.
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Student Activity 3A
Index
Lesson interaction
Interpreting the data and the Correlation Coefficient
An ice cream seller records the maximum daily temperature and the number of
Act 1
ice creams she sells each day. Her results for a period of ten days are shown in
the table.
Act 2
Act 3
(i) Display the data in a way that allows you to examine the relationship
between the two variables.
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Student Activity 3A
Index
Lesson interaction
Interpreting the data and the Correlation Coefficient
An ice cream seller records the maximum daily temperature and the number of
Act 1
ice creams she sells each day. Her results for a period of ten days are shown in
the table.
Act 2
Act 3
(i) Display the data in a way that allows you to examine the relationship
between the two variables.
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Index
(ii) The correlation coefficient here is 0.98. With this in mind and looking at the
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Scatter plot which of the following statements is correct. Give a reason for
your answer.
Act 1
Choice:____________________________________________________________
Reason for your answer: _____________________________________________
Act 5
__________________________________________________________________
(iii) If the correlation coefficient had been 0.4 which of the above statements
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would be correct.
Choice:____________________________________________________________
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A. As the temperature increases ice cream sales increase.
Index
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B. As the temperature increases ice cream sales tend to increase.
C. There is no evidence of a linear relationship between temperature and ice cream sales.
Act 1
(iii) If the correlation coefficient had been 0.4 which of the above statements
would be correct.
Choice:________________________________________________________
Act 3
(iv) If the correlation coefficient had been -0.7 which of the above statements
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would be correct?
Choice: ________________________________________________________
Act 5
(v) Identify two statements that are always incorrect no matter what the
value of the correlation coefficient is. Give a reason for your answer.
Act 6
Choices:_________________________________________________________
Reason for you’re answer: __________________________________________
Casio
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Student Activity 3B
Index
Lesson interaction
Interpreting the data and the Correlation Coefficient
Act 1
Here are the results of some other research with their correlation coefficients:
Pick the appropriate statement for each survey and give a reason for your
answer.
Act 2
efficiency.
D. As the engine size increases fuel efficiency decreases.
Act 5
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Index
Lesson interaction
students spent studying and their performance in an exam was 0.7.
Act 1
tends to decrease.
Choices: ______________________________________________________
Act 6
_____________________________________________________________
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Student Activity 3C
Index
Here are the results of some other research with their correlation coefficients:
(i) In a survey the correlation between the heights of male students and their
Act 2
between a man’s height and the chances of him receiving a promotion. The
results showed that the correlation between a man’s height and his chance
Act 4
of promotion was 0.8. Pretend you are a journalist, write a sentence based
on the value of the correlation coefficients in (i) and (ii) above.
________________________________________________________________
Act 5
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Act 6
________________________________________________________________
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Student Activity 4
Index
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Calculating the Correlation Coefficient (HL)
Act 1
Lesson interaction
Note: In some of the surveys below there are strong correlations but this
Act 3
does not always imply causation. In some cases there may be a lurking
variable that can explain the strong correlation. For example in the last 10
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years there is a strong positive correlation between the sales of cars and the
sales of electrical items. Can we say a rise in the sale of cars tends to lead to
Act 5
a rise in the sale of electrical items? No we cannot. The lurking variable here
is the performance of the economy as a whole. Correlation does not always
imply causation.
Act 6
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Index
Act 1
Look back at Student 3A. In this activity there was a strong correlation
between temperature and ice cream sales. Are there any other variables
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It does however seem reasonable that the rise in temperature does have
Act 3
an effect on ice cream sales. We can say here that the strong positive
correlation does indicate that temperature rises causes increased sales of
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ice cream.
Act 5
Act 6
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Using your calculator calculate the correlation coefficient and write a conclusion.
Index
(i) Roller coasters get their speed as a result of dropping down a steep
incline. The table below gives height of a drop and the speed achieved for
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Conclusion:______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Act 4
(ii) The table shows the number of units of electricity used in heating a house
on ten different days and the average temperature for each day.
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Conclusion:______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Index
(iii) The table shows the number washing machines sold on 8 different
months in an electrical supply shop and the number of dishwashers sold for
each of those months.
Act 1
Act 2
Conclusion:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Act 4
(iv) The table shows the average number of hours spent daily by students
watching television and the average mark they achieved in their summer
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exams.
Act 6
Conclusion:_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Student Activity 5: Introduction
Index
Act 1
• The lines we have been trying to find are called the line of
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best fit. This is the line that is the closest fit to the data.
Act 4
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Student Activity 5
Index
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Line of Best Fit (HL only)
Act 1
The following table shows the weekly rainfall (x cm) and the number of tourists
(y thousand) visiting a certain beauty spot, for 9 successive weeks.
Act 2
Act 3
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Index
Act 1
(iv) Plot the point . Draw lines parallel to the x-axis and y-axis through this
point.
Act 3
(v) This splits the scatter plot into 4 quadrants. In which quadrants do you find
the most points?________________________________________________
Act 4
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Act 5
Act 6
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Index
Act 1
(vi) Draw a line of best fit. Draw an oval around the data. The line must go
through .
Act 2
The line of best fit should go through the two quadrants that contain the
most data points.
Act 3
(vii) On the 10th week there was 4cm of rainfall. Use your line of best fit to
estimate the number of tourists that had visited the beauty spot in the 10th
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week._________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Act 5
Act 6
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Index
(vii) On the 10th week there was 4cm of rainfall. Use your line of best fit to
estimate the number of tourists that had visited the beauty spot in the 10th
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week. ________________________________________________________
(viii) By picking appropriate points find the slope of the line of best fit.________
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(ix) Interpret the slope in the context of rainfall and number of tourists._____
Act 3
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Index
(x) Find the equation of the line of best fit and use it to check your answer to
part vii. __________________________________________________________
Act 1
(xi) The manager of the café at this beauty spot has to plan staffing levels. A
mix of full time and part time staff are employed. In the light of the information
Act 2
above and the fact that the correlation coefficient is -0.77 what advice would
you give the manager? ______________________________________________
Act 3
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Extra Questions
Index
Paper 2 15 25 40 50 64 75 84
Act 2
Questions
Paper 2 15 25 40 50 64 75 84
Act 1
d) Find the equation of the Line of Best Fit for the data
Act 3
2. Top Gear are doing a review of cars. The table below shows the engine
size of a car in litres and the distance it travelled in km on one litre of
petrol.
Act 1
Top Gear want to know if there is any correlation between engine size
and distance travelled.
Act 2
d) Find the equation of the Line of Best Fit for the data
Act 2
e) A car has a 2.3 litre engine. How far would you expect
Act 3
Lesson interaction
Sometimes when we do a scatter plot we can come across a result
Act 1
that is out of step with the rest of the data. Just because the piece
of data does not “fit” this does not mean it is wrong. Data like this
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are called outliers and can have a major effect on the correlation
coefficient and the line of best fit.
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Student Activity 6
Index
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Outliers (HL Only)
Act 1
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Index
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Act 1
(v) Draw your line of best fit for all the data and draw the line of best fit
when the outlier is removed.
Act 5
(vi) What effect, if any, does removing the outlier have on the line of best
fit?_______________________________________________________
Act 6
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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Index
Act 1
Finding Correlation
Act 2
Coefficient
Act 3
&
Act 4
using Casio
Act 6
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4.5 3.0 5.2 5.0 2.1 0 0 1.2 3.2
Index
Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
Act 2
CLeaR
of all previous content
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
3: All
Act 4
Yes
Act 5
Reset All
Act 6
Casio
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Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
Statistical and
Regression
Act 2
Calculations
Act 3
Act 4
Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
column
Act 5
Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
Act 2
Act 3
We now need to
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3: Sum 4: Var
Act 2
1: y intercept Deviation
2: Slope
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a given value of y
5: Estimated value of y for
a given value of x Find Max/Min
Casio
for each
column
Sharp
Once you have chosen your required output you need to press
4.5 3.0 5.2 5.0 2.1 0 0 1.2 3.2
Index
Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
Which is part of
regression
Act 3
5
Act 4
r
Act 6
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Rainfall (x cm)
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
Y=A+Bx
Act 3
A
Act 4
A= 8.66
B
Act 5
B = -1.12
Act 6
y = 8.66 – 1.12x
Sharp
Rainfall (x cm)
Using the Equation of
No. of tourists (1000’s) 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 the9.4
line of8.6
Best Fit
2.6
Act 1
Press 9
x
Then in regression
Act 3
choose (4)
Act 4
when y is 3.2
Press 3.2
Act 6
Then in regression
choose (4)
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Finding Correlation
Act 2
Coefficient
Act 3
&
Act 4
using Sharp
Act 6
Casio
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Finding Correlation Coefficient
Index
Act 1
No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4Clear8.6
its Memory
2.6
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
Casio
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No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
We want to
M CLR
Act 2
the calculator to
Clear its Memory
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
We want the
Act 2
calculator
in STATS
mode
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
We want to find a
Act 2
LINE linking
the points
Act 3
Act 4
Act 5
Act 6
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No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
points separated
Repeat
by the
a comma
process entering
Act 3
afterwards
Act 5
Act 6
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No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
We want the
Act 2
Correlation
The
Coefficient
Correlation
Coefficient
r
Act 3
= -0.775947983
Its in Green so
Act 4
No. of tourists (1000’s 5.0 8.0 0.8 4.2 4.8 7.4 9.4 8.6 2.6
Act 1
a
Act 3
= 8.66
Act 4
b
Act 5
b = -1.12
Act 6
Y = 8.66 – 1.12x
Casio
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