Wireless Technologies in

Embedded Systems
INTRODUCTION
● Communication between embedded systems nowadays is not limited to internal data buses and
shared memory.
● It has evolved over the time to include communication channels over wireless protocols.
● Among many protocols available, the IEEE 802.11 protocol (also known as WiFi) spread widely
due to its rich topologic features and bandwidth support.
● Bluetooth has also emerged as a standard inter-device communication protocol and has a very
wide spectrum of applications.
● The most widely used technologies include:
WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, RFID, IrDA, GSM, CDMA
Pros and Cons of Wireless Technologies
● Any information can be conveyed or
transmitted quickly and with a high speed.
● The Internet can be accessed from
anywhere and at anytime.
● It also makes it easier to add extra devices
to the network, as no new cabling is
needed.
● Wireless networks can sometimes handle a
larger amount of users because they are not
limited by a specific number of connection
ports.
● It is very important to secure the wireless
network so that the information cannot be
exploited by unauthorized users, and this
also increases the risk of losing data or
information.
● Setting up a wireless network can
sometimes be difficult for people who are
not experienced with computers.
● The speeds can also vary considerably
according to your location in relation to the
network.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification System)
● Technology based identification system which helps identifying objects through the tags attached to them.
● All that is needed is radio communication between the tag and the reader.
● 3 Main Components of a RFID System:
RFID tag Reader Processor or a Controller
How the Passive RFID System Works:
The antenna present in the reader transmits electromagnetic waves.

Received by the antenna present in the tag as potential

difference across the dipole.

This voltage is rectified and filtered to get the DC

Power.

The receiver antenna is kept at different impedance

which causes it to reflect a part of the received signal.

This reflected signal is received by the reader and

monitored accordingly.
 ZIGBEE
● Zigbee is a low power, low cost wireless network communication protocol based on the IEEE
802.15.4 standard.
● Zigbee is a low power, low data rate and close proximity wireless hoc network.
● Zigbee is used to create personal area networks with small, low power digitals radios, such are for
home automation etc.
● The technology defined by Zigbee are Bluetooth and wi-fi.
● Applications of Zigbee are:-

1) Home energy monitors.

2) traffic management system

3) wireless light switch.

4) industrial control system.

● Zigbee devices can transmit data over long distance by passing data through a mesh network.
 Working Of ZIGBEE
1) Zigbee Coordinators:
●
It act as the root of the network tree and it connects to Other network.
● It able to store network information .
● There is only one Zigbee Coordinator.

2) Zigbee router:

● It act as an intermediate routers.

●
It also used to pass data to the end users in the
form of packets.

3) Zigbee End Devices:

●
It can not relay data from other devices.
● It has many functionalities.
 Infrared Data Association
● Infrared data association are:-
a) Low cost b) low power c) & half duplex
● IRDA is a protocol for personal communi cation area network deploying infrared rays.
● IRDA standards supports:-
a) Broad range of computing.
b) Communication.
c) Consumer device.
● IRDA is playing an important role in wireless data communication such as-

a) laptop computing. b) Digital cameras.

c) mobile phones.
 Working Of
IRDA
IRLMP
1) Physical layer: it deals directly with-
● Bit encoding
● Error checking and correction.
● Transmitting and receiving data.
IRLAP
2) Link access protocol:

● It uses the services provided by physical layer.

● It defines services provided by the protocols.
● It sets vocabulary, encoding and procedural rules. Physical
Layer
3) Link Management protocol:

● It provide supports for multiple software application.

● It supports point to point connection between IRDA devices.
 Wifi
● Wi-Fiis a form of low-power wireless
communication used by many
electronic devices such as laptops,
systems, smart phones, etc.
● Wi-Fi is common in home
networking applications which
provides portability without any need
of cables.
● Wi-Fi networks need to be secured
with passwords for security purposes
in order not to be accessed by others.
 Working Of Wifi

● The wireless network requires three essential elements

that are radio signals, antenna and router.
● The radio signals are transmitted from antennas and
routers that signals are picked up by Wi-Fi receivers,
such has computers and cell phones that are ready with
Wi-Fi cards.
● Whenever the computer receives the signals with in the
range of 100-150 feet for router it connect the device
immediately.
● The range of the Wi-Fi is depends upon the
environment, indoor or outdoor ranges. The Wi-Fi
cards will read the signals and create an internet
connection between user and network.
Bluetooth

● Bluetooth technology was invented in

1989 by Dr Nils Rydback.
● Bluetooth technology allows you to
connect a variety of different
electronic devices wirelessly to a
system for the transfer and sharing of
data and this is the main function of
Bluetooth.
 Working Of Bluetooth

● Bluetooth works a lot like Wi-Fi. It uses radio waves to send data between devices at
short distances.
● Bluetooth can connect to 8 devices at the same time without any interference
● The Bluetooth transmitters in both your computer and your devices use 79 different
frequencies in that range.
● Since the invention was in its early stages, Intel, Ericsson, and Nokia decided that
the best way to proceed was to create a single wireless standard.
● When Bluetooth first came out, it was really easy for someone to access your data
without your permission. But over time this technology has become more secure.
 What Is GSM?

The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-
generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and
tablets.
•GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
•GSM is a mobile communication modem. It stands for global system for mobile communication
(GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is widely used mobile
communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and
1900MHz frequency bands.
•GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120
Mbps of data rates.
GSM Modem

● A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile

phone or a modem device which can be used to make a
computer or any other processor communicate over a
network.
● A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be operated and
operates over a network range subscribed by the network
operator.
● It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or
Bluetooth connection.
 Working of GSM Module:

● From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to

the MC through the level shifter IC Max232.
● The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit
command by SMS from any cell phone send that data to
the MC through serial communication.
● While the program is executed, the GSM modem receives
command ‘STOP’ to develop an output at the MC, the
contact point of which are used to disable the ignition
switch.
● The command so sent by the user is based on an
intimation received by him through the GSM modem
‘ALERT’ a programmed message only if the input is
driven low.
● The complete operation is displayed over 16×2 LCD
display.
 CDMA
● Code-division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by
various radio communication technologies.
● Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a sort of multiplexing that facilitates
various signals to occupy a single transmission channel.
● It optimizes the use of available bandwidth.
● The technology is commonly used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular
telephone systems, bands ranging between the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz.
● CDMA is an example of multiple access, where several transmitters can send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows
several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). To permit this
without undue interference between the users, CDMA employs spread spectrum
technology and a special coding scheme. CDMA is used as the access method in
many mobile phone standards.
 How Does CDMA Work?
● CDMA allows up to 61 concurrent users in a 1.2288
MHz channel by processing each voice packet with two
PN codes.
● There are 64 Walsh codes available to differentiate
between calls and theoretical limits.
● Operational limits and quality issues will reduce the
maximum number of calls somewhat lower than this
value.
● In fact, many different "signals" baseband with different
spreading codes can be modulated on the same carrier
to allow many different users to be supported. Using
different orthogonal codes, interference between the
signals is minimal.
● Conversely, when signals are received from several
mobile stations, the base station is capable of isolating
each as they have different orthogonal spreading codes.
GSM VS CDMA

1.GSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication.

CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.

2.GSM uses the technology named FDMA and TDMA.

While it uses the technology CDMA.

3.GSM is in roaming in worldwide.

While it is in roaming in limited.

4.GSM has slow data rate.

While it has fast data rate.

5.In GSM, information in addition as voice each are transmitted at the same time.
While CDMA have not this facility.

6.GSM is specific for SIM.

While it is specific for headset or phone.
Thank You