Mitochondria

OBJECTIVES
 identify the parts and function of
mitochondria
 recognize the important of
mitochondria in cell processes
 appreciate the process of
carbohydrates metabolism in
eukaryotic cell
 Endosymbiosis
Mitochondria formed as
a result of an
endosymbiotic event
around 2 billion years
ago.
MITOCHONDRIA
L STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION
MITOCHONDRIA
 bean-shaped organelles,
ranging from 1 to 4 um in
length.
 highly branched,
interconnected tubular
network
 mitochondria and the
endoplasmic reticulum
engage in extensive
interaction by fusion
and fission.
FUNCTION
 generating the ATP that is used to run most of
the cell’s energy-requiring activities

sperm cell

muscle
 mitochondria are primary supplier of ATP in
non-photosynthetic tissues, as well as being
a source of ATP in photosynthetic leaf cells
during period of dark.

 site of synthesis of numerous substance,

including certain amino acid and the
heme group
 uptake and release of calcium ions
 apoptosis
 MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE

Boundary of Mitochondrial Membrane

 Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

completely encloses the mitochondrion

serving as its outer boundary.
 Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

a. inner boundary membrane- rich in protein

responsible for the import of the mitochondrial
protein
b. Cristae – a series of invigilated membranous
sheets. Mitochondria as energy transducer,
houses the machinery needed for aerobic
respiration and ATP formation
 Cristae junction- the inner boundary
and internal crystal membrane are
joined to in another by narrow tubular
connection
 Matrix- membrane of the mitochondria
is divided the organelles into two
aqueous compartment, one within the
interior of the mitochondrion
 Intermembrane space- second between
the outer and inner membrane
 Outer Membrane Inner Membrane
 composed of  contain 100
approximately different
50percent lipid by polypeptide and has a
weight very high
 contain a curious protein/lipid
mixture of enzymes  virtually devoid of
cholesterol and rich
in unusual
phospholipid,
cardiolipid
OUTER MITOCHONDRIAL
MEMBRANE AND OUTER
BACTERIAL MEMBRANE
 both contain Porins-
integral protein that
have a relatively large
internal channel
 Porins of outer Porins of inner
mitochondrial mitochondrial
membrane membrane

 not static structure  highly impermeable

 when porins channel transporters to gain
are wide open, the entrance to the
outer membrane is matrix
freely permeable to
molecules such as
ATP, NAD and
coenzymes
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
 contain ribosomes and several molecules of
DNA,which is circular in higher plants and
animals
 posses their own genetics material and
machinery to manufacture their own RNA and
protein
.
 Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA)- is a
relic of ancient history. It is
thought to be the legacy fro a single
aerobic bacterium that took up
residence in the cytoplasm of
primitive cell that ultimately become
the ancestor of all eukaryotic cell.
 Mitochondrial RNA polymerase- is
a single subunit enzymes similar in
respect to certain bacteriophage
from which it was evolved.
CARBOHYDRATES METABOLISM IN
EUKARYOTIC CELLS