MKB4062 – PENGOLAHAN SINYAL DIGITAL

INFINITE IMPULSE RESPON

FILTER DIGITAL
POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD

Figure 1
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDPASS FILTER DESIGN

Typical pairs of poles and zeros

for a bandpass filter are placed
in Figure 2. Poles are complex
conjugate, with the magnitude r
controlling the bandwidth and
the angle q controlling the
center frequency. The zeros are
placed at z = 1 corresponding to
DC, and z = –1, corresponding
to the folding frequency.
Figure 2
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDPASS FILTER DESIGN

The following equations give the bandpass filter design formulas using pole-zero
placement:

4
 EXAMPLE

A second-order bandpass filter is required to satisfy the following specifications:

• Sampling rate = 8,000 Hz
• 3 dB bandwidth: BW = 200 Hz
• Narrow passband centered at f0 = 1.000 Hz
• Zero gain at 0 Hz and 4,000 Hz
Find the transfer function using the pole-zero placement method.
 EXAMPLE (NEXT…)

Solution:
• First, we calculate the required magnitude of the poles:

• Use the center frequency to obtain the angle of the pole location:
 EXAMPLE (NEXT…)

• Compute the unit-gain scale factor as

• Finally, the transfer function is given by

 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDSTOP FILTER DESIGN

For this type of filter, the pole

placement is the same as the
bandpass filter (Figure 3). The
zeros are placed on the unit circle
with the same angles with respect
to poles.

Figure 3
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDSTOP FILTER DESIGN

Design formulas for bandstop filters are given in the following equations:
5

8
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
FIRST ORDER LOWPASS FILTER DESIGN

The first-order pole-zero placement can be utilized in two cases. The first
situation is when the cutoff frequency is less than fs/4. Then the pole-zero
placement is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
FIRST ORDER LOWPASS FILTER DESIGN

When the cutoff frequency is above fs/4, the pole-zero placement is adopted as
shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDSTOP FILTER DESIGN

• When fc < fs/4

9

• When fc > fs/4

10

• The transfer function is

11

• And the unit passband gain scale factor is given by

12
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
FIRST ORDER HIGHPASS FILTER DESIGN

Similar to the lowpass filter

design, the pole-zero placements
for the first-order highpass filters
in two cases are shown in Figure
6 (a) and (b).

Figure 6
 POLE–ZERO PLACEMENT METHOD;
SECOND ORDER BANDSTOP FILTER DESIGN

• When fc < fs/4

13

• When fc > fs/4

14

• The transfer function is

15

• And the unit passband gain scale factor is given by

16
 EXAMPLE

A first-order highpass filter is required to satisfy the following specifications:

• Sampling rate = 8,000 Hz
• 3 dB cutoff frequency: fc = 3.800 Hz
• Zero gain at 0 Hz
Find the transfer function using the pole-zero placement method.
 EXAMPLE (NEXT…)

• Since the cutoff frequency of 3,800 Hz is much larger than fs/4 =2000 Hz, we
determine the pole as

• The unit-gain scale factor and transfer function are obtained as

IMPULSE INVARIANT DESIGN METHOD

Figure 7
 IMPULSE INVARIANT DESIGN METHOD

The analog impulse response can be achieved by taking the inverse Laplace
transform of the analog filter H(s), that is,
17
Now, if we sample the analog impulse response with a sampling interval of T and
use T as a scale factor, it follows that
18

Taking the z-transform on both sides of Equation (18) yields the digital filter as
19
 IMPULSE INVARIANT DESIGN METHOD

We approximate the area under the curve specified by the analog impulse
function h(t) using a digital sum given by

20

Note that the area under the curve indicates the DC gain of the analog filter while
the digital sum in Equation (20) is the DC gain of the digital filter.
THANKS