COT 2:

PHYSICAL SCIENCE (SHS Grade 11)

GRACE B. VERIDIANO
SHS Science Teacher
A. Initial Activity:

Prayer
Praise be Thy Name of Our
Lord Jesus Christ. (Now and
Forever. Amen).
B. Attendance, Assignment and
Student Intervention-LAS:
MELC’s:
Give evidence for and describe the formation of heavier elements
during star formation and evolution (S11/12PS-IIIa-2)

TOPIC:
Formation of Heavier Elements
OBJECTIVES:

Module Title:
Formation of
Students should be able to:

Element
Heavier
1.Discuss the stellar nucleosynthesis;
2.Give evidence for the formation of heavier elements
during star formation and evolution;
3.Describe the formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution;
4.Make a creative representation on the formation of
heavier elements during star formation and evolution;
and
5.Write the nuclear reactions involved in the formation of
heavier elements.
A. Review of Previous Lesson

LIGHT ELEMENTS
According to the Big Bang theory, the
temperatures in the early universe were so
high that fusion reactions could take place.
This resulted in the formation of light
elements

Light elements: hydrogen, deuterium,

helium (two isotopes), lithium and trace
amounts of beryllium.
UNLOCKING THE DIFFICULTY

Activity 1:
Deal or No Deal: Knowing the Different Concepts in the Formation of Heavy Elements
Directions: Say “DEAL” if the given statement is true and “NO DEAL” if otherwise.
1.The Big Bang is a scientific theory about how the universe started, and then made the stars and galaxies we see today.
2.Nucleosynthesis is the process by which new nuclei are formed from preexisting or seed nuclei.
3.Nuclear binding energy per nucleon, the energy that holds the nucleus intact, decreases after iron-56.
4.Big Bang Nucleosynthesis is a process where hydrogen and helium produced.
5.Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which elements are formed within stars.
6.A protostar is a stellar core formed when the fragments of a collapsed molecular cloud contract.
7.A red giant is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in the core and switched into the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in the
shell surrounding the core.
8.Hydrogen burning is the stellar process that produces energy in the stars. There are two dominant hydrogen burning processes,
the proton-proton chain and carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle.
9.A supernova is a star that blows apart and releases a large amount of energy.
10.Proton-proton chain is a sequence of thermonuclear reactions in the stars. It is the main source of energy radiated by the sun and
other stars.
11.Carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle is a catalytic cycle of gamma emission and beta decay that converts hydrogen into helium.
12.Nuclear Reaction is a reaction consisting of splitting and fusing of cells.

How important is heavy elements to our life?

Why do we need to study the formation of heavy elements?
LESSON 1:
We are all made of Star Stuff (Formation of Heavier Elements)
Activity 2. Crossword Puzzle
Complete the crossword puzzle using
the clues below the puzzle.
Guide Questions:

• 1. What is Big Bang Answer?

Theory? 1.
• 2. Give 3 evidences that 2.
explain the formation of
3.
the light elements in the
Big Bang Theory.
• 3. Name at least 4 light
elements formed in the Big
Bang Theory.
3
Synthesis of heavier nuclei happens via neutron or proton capture processes.

In neutron capture, a neutron is added to a seed nucleus. The addition of neutron produces
a heavier isotope of the element.
 What is the difference between heavy and light elements?
• Heavy elements consist of a different nuclei structure than light elements.
Let's take a light element - Carbon. Carbon consists of 6 protons and 6
neutrons. It has an atomic mass of 12. This differs from a heavy element,
say, Uranium. Mass No° 238. Atomic No° 92. 238–92= 146. 146 neutrons, 92
protons. Major difference from the 6 and 6 of Carbon. This difference in
protons and neutrons is what makes an element ‘heavy’.
• They also have different uses. A heavy element could be so large that it
cannot control its own mass, thus it emits mass and it is radioactive. The
main use for heavy elements we have today are nuclear energy and
weapons. Because of the high mass, we can exploit them by firing neutrons
at them and breaking parts off- Fission. Or we use their radioactivity and turn
it into energy. They can be used for weaponry because if many pieces of a
heavy substance are contained, they uniformly emit electrons and create a
chain reaction, realeasing immense amounts of energy, such as in a nuclear
bomb.
Heavy substance uniformly emit electrons and create a chain reaction,
realeasing immense amounts of energy, such as in a nuclear bomb.
Formation of Heavy Elements
Performance Task
ACTIVITY 4: Formation of Heavy Elements

For this activity, you will create an output that discusses the origin of one of the man-made
elements.
Note: You may choose elements from Americium through Lawrencium as well as some of the recently discovered
elements like Flerovium and Livermorium.

In your output, you must:

•discuss the element’s basic characteristics; and

•give a brief timeline leading up to the element’s discovery

You may present your research in the form of poster, PowerPoint Presentation, essay, video, or infographic.
RUBRICS
Criteria 1 point 3 points 5 points

Presentation of the Most basic Most basic Unique aspects of

element’s characteristics of characteristics of the element (e.g.
characteristic the element are the element are the element’s
missing or absent. missing or absent. potential
significance or
uses) were
presented

Timeline of the There is no clear There is no clear The element’s

element’s chain of events or chain of events or history was
discovery key moments key moments presented clearly
presented. presented. and the process of
creating the
element was
discussed.

(add creative
metric)

(add other metrics)

(add other metrics)

Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on the space provided
before each number.

___ 1. Which of the following describes stellar nucleosynthesis?

a. It is the process by which elements are formed within stars.
b. It is the formation of elements during a supernova explosion.
c. It is the process by which elements are produced in gas clouds.
d. It is the formation of light elements such as hydrogen and helium.
___ 2. Which of the following is a stellar core formed when the fragments of a
collapsed molecular cloud contract?
a. Protostar b. Supernova c. Red Giant d.Main Sequence Star
___ 3. Which of the following is a star that has used up its hydrogen supply in the core and switched into
the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in the shell surrounding the core?
a. Protostar b. Supernova c. Red Giant d.Main Sequence Sta
___ 4. The formation of a star starts with the dense regions of molecular clouds. What force pulls matter
together to form these regions?
a. Magnetic Force c. Electromagnetic Force b. Nuclear Force d. Gravitational Force
___ 5. What happens when most of the hydrogen in the core is fused into helium in the stellar core?
a. Hydrogen fusion continues, and the pressure in the core decreases.
b. Hydrogen fusion continues, and the pressure in the core increases.
c. Gravity squeezes the star until helium and hydrogen burning occur.
d. Nuclear energy increases until carbon and helium burning occur.
Continuation.....

___ 6. What is the correct order for the stages of stellar evolution of a low–mass star?
a. red giant – white dwarf – main sequence star – protostar
b. main sequence star – white dwarf – protostar – red giant
c. protostar – main sequence star – red giant – white dwarf
d. white dwarf – red giant – protostar – main sequence star
___ 7. Which of the following is the major factor predicting the fate of a star?
a. strength of gravitational force b. mass of the star
c. amount of iron produced d. temperature of the star
___ 8. Which of the following elements are not formed during stellar evolution?
a. Carbon b. Oxygen c. Gold d. Iron
___ 9. When does a massive star enter the stage of becoming a supernova?
a. when the silicon fusion stops
b. when the star has used up all its hydrogen fuel gold
c. when the chromium fusion stops
d. when the star has burned all its oxygen
___ 10. Which of the following is true about the formation of elements lighter than iron in the core of the
stars?
a. When the elements combine, they absorb energy which can fuel the nuclear fusion reactions in the star.
b. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass lower than the sum of their masses.
c. When there is an input of energy from nuclear fission reactions in the star, the elements are formed.
d. When the elements combine, they produce a nucleus with a mass greater than the sum of their
masses.
Assignment

• Make an album of Different Heavier Elements of the Earth.

• Describe each heavy elements.
• Why they are called heavy elements?

References:
Teacher’s copy of CG/MELC’s
Physcical Science Module/LAS