Chapter 3 - Spur Gears

Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training
National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Faculty of Mechanic Engineering
Mechanical
Engineering Design
Spur Gears
Prepared by Keat Rayuth

Contents
o Introduction
o Types of Gears
o Involute Properties
o Contact Ratio
o Interference
2
Contents
o The Forming of Gear Teeth

o Force Analysis-Spur Gearing

3
Introduction
Introduction
- Transmission of motion or power between

two shafts
- Reduce the velocity ratio of the system
- Distance between the driver and the
follower
- for motion
5
Introduction
- The forces transmitted between meshing

gears supply torsional moments to shaft
for motion;
- Power transmission and create forces, and
- Moments that effect the shaft and its
bearings
6
Types of Gear
Types of Gears
- The four principal types of gears: Spur,

helical, bevel, and Worm gear.
- Spur gears: teeth parallel to the axis of
rotation and are used to transmit motion
from one shaft to another, parallel, shaft.

8
Types of Gears
- Helical gears: teeth inclined to the axis of

rotation. The inclined tooth also develops
thrust loads and bending couples. Not
present with spur gearing. Sometimes
helical gears are used to transmit motion
between non parallel shafts.
9
Types of Gears
- Bevel gears: teeth formed on conical

surfaces and are used mostly for
transmitting motion between intersecting
shafts.

10
Types of Gears
- Worm gears: The worm resembles a

screw. The direction of rotation of the
worm gear, also called the worm wheel,
depends upon the direction of rotation of
the worm and upon whether worm teeth
are cut right-hand or left-hand.
11
Types of Gears

12
Spur Gears

13
Spur Gears
-Pitch circle: theoretical circle upon

which all calculations are usually based.
-Circular pitch(p): the distance,
measured on the pitch circle, from a
point on one tooth to a corresponding
14
Spur Gears
-module (m): the ratio of the pitch

diameter to the number of teeth.
-diametral pitch(P): the ratio of the
number of teeth on the gear to the pitch
diameter.
15
Spur Gears
-addendum(a): the radial distance between

the top land and the pitch circle.
-dedendum (b): the radial distance from the
bottom land to the pitch circle.
-Clearance circle: a circle that is tangent to
the addendum circle of the mating gear
16
Spur Gears
-Clearance circle: a circle that is tangent to

the addendum circle of the mating gear
-Clearance (c): the amount by which the
dedendum in a given gear exceeds the
addendum of its mating gear.

17
Spur Gears

18
Spur Gears

19
Spur Gears

20
Involute properties
Involute properties
(a) Generation of an involute

(b) Involute action

22
Involute properties
Construction of an involute curve

23
Involute properties
Circle of a gear layout

24
Involute properties
Base circle radius can be related to the pressure angle and the
pitch circle radius by

25
Involute properties
Tooth action

26
Example:

27
Example:

28
Example:

29
Contact Ratio
Contact ratio
-initial contact occurs at a and final contact

at b.
-distance AP is called the arc of approach ,
and the distance PB, the arc of recess
-Sum is arc of action

31
Contact ratio
-arc of action is exactly equal to the circular

pitch mean that one tooth and its space will
occupy the entire arc AB. Even a tooth is just
beginning contact at a, the previous tooth is
simultaneously ending its contact at b.
- National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia
32
Contact ratio
-If the arc of action is greater than the

circular pitch, but not very much greater, say,
. This mean that when one pair of teeth is
just entering contact at a, another pair,
already in contact, will not yet have reached
b.
33
Contact ratio

34
Contact ratio
-Contact ratio is

35
Contact ratio
Note: ratio is also equal to the length of the

path of contact divided by the base pitch.
Gears should not generally be designed
having contact rations less than about 1.20,
because inaccuracies in mounting might
reduce the contact ratio even more,
increasing the possibility of impact between
36
Contact ratio
- If the length of the line of action , the

Contact ratio is

37
Interference
Contact ratio
Interference is the contact of portions of

tooth profiles that are not conjugate.
- The smallest number of teeth on a spur
pinion and gear, one to one gear ratio, which
can exist without interference is This number
of teeth for spur gear is where k=1 for full-
depth teeth, 0.8 for stub teeth and
39
Contact ratio
Interference is the contact of portions of

tooth profiles that are not conjugate.
- The smallest number of teeth on a spur
pinion and gear, one to one gear ratio, which
can exist without interference is

40
Contact ratio

41
Contact ratio
=pressure angle. For a 20 degree pressure

angle, with k=1.
Find the solution…
Ans: 13 teeth on pinion and gear are
interference-free.

42
Contact ratio
If the mating gear has more teeth than the pinion

is, is more than one, then the smallest of teeth o
pinion without interference is given by

43
Contact ratio
example, if m=4, pressure angle 20 degree,
Find the solution…

Ans: 16-tooth pinion will mesh with a 64-
tooth gear without interference-free.

44
Contact ratio
For example, for a 13 -tooth pinion with a pressure angle 20

degree.
Ans: 15 teeth.
For a 13-tooth spur pinion, the maximum number of gear teeth
possible without interference is 16.

45
Forming of Gear teeth
-Ways of forming the teeth of gears, such as

sand casting, shell molding, investment
casting, permanent-mold casting, die
casting, and centrifugal casting.
-Teeth can also by using the powder-
metallurgy process.
47
-Gear teeth may be cut with a form milling

cutter shaped.
-Shaping: teeth may be generated with
either a pinion cutter or a rack cutter.
-Hobbing: the hob is simply a cutting tool
that is shaped like a worm.
48
-Generating a spur gear with a pinion cutter.

49
-Hobbing a worm gear.

50
Force analysis-Spur Gearing
-Free-body diagram of the pinion has been

redrawn and the forces has been resolved
into tangential and radial components.
Transmitted load:

52
-The applied torque and Transmitted load

are seen to be related by the equation:
Where we have used and

53
-The power H transmitted through a rotating

gear can be obtained from the standard
relationship of the product of torque T and
angular velocity

54
-Free-body diagrams of forces and moments acting upon two gears

of a simple gear train.

55
-Resolution of gear forces.

56
-pitch line velocity, which is the linear velocity of a point on the

gear at the radius of the pitch circle; thus .
Where V= pitch-line velocity, ft/min

d=gear diameter, in
n= gear speed, rev/min

57
-Specify the power and speed, so it is convenient to solve.

58
-Example:

59
-Answers:

60
-Answers:

61
-Answers:

62
Thank YOU!

63

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Ministry of Labour and Vocational Training

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Prepared by Keat Rayuth

o The Forming of Gear Teeth

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

- Transmission of motion or power between

- The forces transmitted between meshing

- The four principal types of gears: Spur,

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

- Helical gears: teeth inclined to the axis of

- Bevel gears: teeth formed on conical

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

- Worm gears: The worm resembles a

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

-Pitch circle: theoretical circle upon

-module (m): the ratio of the pitch

-addendum(a): the radial distance between

-Clearance circle: a circle that is tangent to

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

(a) Generation of an involute

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Construction of an involute curve

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Circle of a gear layout

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

-initial contact occurs at a and final contact

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

-arc of action is exactly equal to the circular

-If the arc of action is greater than the

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Note: ratio is also equal to the length of the

- If the length of the line of action , the

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

Interference is the contact of portions of

Interference is the contact of portions of

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

=pressure angle. For a 20 degree pressure

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

If the mating gear has more teeth than the pinion

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

example, if m=4, pressure angle 20 degree,

Find the solution…

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

For example, for a 13 -tooth pinion with a pressure angle 20

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

-Ways of forming the teeth of gears, such as

-Gear teeth may be cut with a form milling

-Generating a spur gear with a pinion cutter.

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia

-Hobbing a worm gear.

National Polytechnic Institute of Cambodia