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Monitoring AND Evaluation ASSIGNMENT-2
Monitoring AND Evaluation ASSIGNMENT-2
Afework Alaro
Instructor: Solomon Lemma (PHD, Asso. Professor)
March 2022
HU
• The meaning of indicators, types of
indicators, and characteristics of a
good indicators
• The techniques and strategies used
The main to implement monitoring and
issues in this evaluation activities
presentation • The core steps in monitoring and
evaluation
• Monitoring and Evaluation Tools and
Methods
• An indicator is a specific, observable and
measurable characteristic that can be used to show
changes or progress a program is making toward
achieving a specific outcome.
• It should be defined in precise, unambiguous
What is
terms that describe clearly and exactly what is
indicator? being measured. Where practical, it is measured.
• The change measured by the indicator should
represent progress that the program hopes to
make.
• Indicators do not specify a particular level of
achievement. The words “improved”, “increased”,
or “decreased” do not belong in an indicator.
• Indicators can be categorized in a number of different
ways, depending on why they are being categorized.
• There are two general approaches to defining types of
indicators that are particularly useful in monitoring and
evaluation.
Types • The first is based on thematic similarities among
of indicators; the second is based on the relative role and/or
indica effect that an indicator has in/on the response something
else.
tors • The most important point about the types of indicators is
how crucial it is to use a range of different types in a given
set in order to get a balanced perspective.
• It is advisable using different types of indicators in
monitoring and evaluation.
• Regarding this, some of core types of indicators are listed
below as follows:
Types of indicators…continued
•They are most valuable when you are able to connect a given
set of activities to a particular output or outcome.
Types of indicators…continued
Cost-effective: A good
indicator employs inexpensive
methods of data gathering.
How are monitoring and evaluation
activities implemented?
Design M
and E Plan Step 4: Identifying
relevant indicators
Step 5: Identifying data
collection tools and
methodologies
Step 6: Reviewing Monitoring
and Evaluation Work Plan
Steps which
are used to
Design M and
E Plan
Step 7: Reporting
• Step 1: Conducting a readiness assessment
• A readiness assessment is like constructing
the foundation for a building.
• A good foundation provides support for all
What that is above it. It is below ground, not seen,
are the but critical.
steps • Measuring readiness is a systematic analysis
in M of an organization’s ability to undertake a
and E? transformational process or change.
• A readiness assessment identifies the
potential challenges that might arise when
implementing new procedures, structures, and
processes within a current organizational
context
• Step 2: Agreeing on outcomes to monitor
and evaluate
• Setting goals is part of the governmental
What are decision making process at every level.
the steps • All governments have goals although not
in M and
all have M and E capacity.
E?...CO
• Assuming that a country or organization is
NTINUE
in fact in a position to move forward in
D building a results-based M and E system,
the next step is to choose and agree on the
outcomes (derived from the goals) to
monitor and evaluate.
• Step 3: Selecting key indicators to
monitor outcomes
What are • Indicator development is a core activity
the steps in building a results-based monitoring and
in M and evaluation system.
E?...CO • Indicator development drives all
NTINUE subsequent data collection, analysis, and
D reporting.
• There are also important political and
methodological considerations involved
in creating good, effective indicators.
• Step 4: Baseline data on indicators-
where are we today?
• Baselines are the first critical measurement
What are of the indicators.
the steps • Baselines are derived from the expected
in M and outcomes and indicators.
E?...CO • A performance baseline is information i.e.
NTINUE qualitative or quantitative that provides
D data at the beginning of, or just prior to, the
monitoring period.
• The baseline is used as a starting point,
or guide, by which to monitor future
performance.
• Step 5: Planning for
Improvement-Selecting Results
What are
and Targets
the steps
in M and • A target is a specified objective that
E?...CO indicates the number, timing and
NTINUE location of that which is to be
D realized.
• The target is what the situation is
expected to be at the end of a
program or activity.
• Step 6: Monitoring for results
• There are two key types of M which are
What are implementation M and results M.
the steps • Implementation M tracks the means and
in M and strategies (that is, those inputs, activities,
and outputs found in annual or
E?...CO
multiyear work plans) used to achieve a
NTINUE
given outcomes. These means and
D strategies are supported by the use of
management tools, including budgetary
resources, staffing, and activity planning.
• Results M includes policy M, program M,
and project M.
• Step 7: The role of Evaluations
• The E system gives ongoing information (via select
Indicators) on the direction of change, the pace of
What are change, and the magnitude of change.
the steps • It can also identify unanticipated changes. The
in M and evaluation has different roles. Some of them are
E?...CO listed below.
• Help Make Resource Allocation Decisions
NTINUE • Help Rethink the Causes of a Problem
D • Identify Emerging Problems
• Support Decision making on Competing or Best
Alternatives
• Support Public Sector Reform and Innovation
• Build Consensus on the Causes of a Problem and
How to Respond
• Step 8: Reporting findings
• Analyzing and reporting performance findings are a critical
What are step because it determines what is reported, when it is
reported, and to whom it is reported.
the steps • This step also has to address the current technical capacity of
in M and the organization because it focuses on the methodological
E?...CO dimensions of accumulating, assessing, and preparing
analyses and reports.
NTINUE • M and E reports can play many different roles, some of them
D are:
• To demonstrate accountability delivering on political promises
made to citizenry and other stakeholders
• To convince using evidence from findings
• To educate reporting findings to help organizational learning
• To explore and investigate seeing what works, what does not,
and why
• Step 9: Using findings
• Using results-based findings will help inform
What are the decision making process.
the steps • Using findings to improve performance is the
in M and main purpose of building a results-based M
E?...CO and E system.
NTINUE • The main point of the M and E system is not
D simply to generate continuous results-based
information, but to get that information to the
appropriate users in a timely fashion so that
the performance feedback can be used to
better manage organizations and governments.
• It is helpful for feedback, knowledge, and
Learning.
• Step 10: Sustaining the monitoring
and evaluation system within the
What are organization
the steps • The M and E system should be
in M and regarded as a long-term effort, as
E?...CO opposed to an episodic effort for a
NTINUE short period or for the duration of a
D specific project, program, or policy.
• Sustaining such systems within
governments or organizations
recognizes the long-term process
involved in ensuring utility (for
without utility, there is no logic for
having such a system).
Demand: If demand is episodic or
haphazard, results-based M and E systems
are not going to be used and sustained.
Six
Critical Clear Roles and Responsibilities