HOT & DRY

CLIMATE
Master : Dr. Hossein Medi

Student

Amir Hossein Hosseini

Yasser Mottaqi

Spring 2010
Introduction

Climate

BUILT ENVIRONMENT

BUILDING FORM

Example

constarction

Conclusion

Reference
 The architecture that has developed in arid zones of the middle east
have had consistent and deep-rooted building techniques which promote
passive climatic conditioning of their environments to provide shelter and
comfort from their natural environment of hot arid deserts.

Contemporary design of homes in hot arid desert conditions have

much to learn from the great history and development of city planning,
building form and construction methods of the past
The general characteristics of climate plateau plains are as follows:

•hot dry weather in summer and cold in winter and dry

•very little rainfall
•very low humidity in the
•very low vegetation cover
•high temperature difference between night and day
• the desert and desert areas , combined with wind and dust
 Ductility and implementation of urban and rural living
conditions with natural factors and the use of these agents in very
adverse weather conditions in these areas, is considerable. Dare to be
expressed in one very important achievement in the implementation of
our traditional architecture and provide a suitable living environment in
arid regions and is without water and grass.

General urban and rural areas is as follows:

•very dense urban and rural
•urban area completely surrounded bynarrow alleys and irregular and
sometimes covered with a vault
•buildings joined together
•the establishment of biological collections according to sun and wind
• Kashan is a city in Iran that located in hot anr dry area.
• very dense urban and rural
• urban area completely surrounded by narrow alleys and irregular and sometimes covered with a vault
• buildings joined together
 The traditional courtyard house, which has become the
indigenous urban and rural standard
in the Kashan, has developed from many civilizations. The courtyard
house typology with surrounding
rooms is the most basic response to the hot arid climatic regions.
Surrounding rooms
enclose the outdoor space with often only the depth of one room. In
urban settings, the courtyard
house is completely bounded by the wings of the house, and in more
rural and farm situations on
only one or two sides. The form of the courtyard is deliberately regular
and contained. The
 surrounding principle rooms also display regularity and respect
to the courtyard geometry. Very
little architectural distinction is made between social and sleeping
quarters. Internal circulation is
often through the courtyard or colonnades which border the courtyard.
Service spaces such as
kitchen, toilets, storage, and workspaces are tucked into corners. These
spaces are sometimes
awkward in geometry and are not intended to be representational of the
overall architectural
spaces within the home. The hotter the climate, the taller the proportions
are for the courtyard.
In very hot arid areas, multi-story courtyards are not uncommon. This
increases the shaded area
of the courtyard and makes for a cooler microclimate
 The nature of the courtyard is of a domestic garden where
children can play, adults can gather,and friends can lounge and visit.
Courtyards commonly display vegetation and or a water feature.
Openings of adjacent rooms are often biased towards the
interior courtyard with little or no openings to the exterior surface of the
building. This attitude suggests an introverted typology of building
design that protects its inhabitants from wind, sand, sun, and strangers
outside.
I n hot arid zones, the function of light, ventilation, and view are
difficult to achieve in one window opening. For this reason, these
functions are separated. In order for an opening to provide for air
movement, it must be small which however, reduces natural lighting for
the room. This is why
wind towers, called Badgirs, are made which serve the sole purpose of
air movement.
 Wind captured at the top of the tower has less solid material
such as sand and is cooler and stronger than at ground level. Houses are
commonly constructed with one or two wind towers often rising 15m
above grade. Towers allow cool air passing across the sky to be caught
and brought down through enclosed rooms at and below grade. Wind
velocity at this height is generally 1.5 times the velocity of that at 1m
above ground level. Wind towers are either open on all four sides or just
two depending on whether the cold winds from the north are isolated.
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan
Boroujerdiha House In Kashan .
This part had been used in
summer

Boroujerdiha House In
Kashan . This part had been
used in winter
ABASSIAN house
Using light color fao external and internal
surface
ABASSIAN house
lighting in interior space
Boroujerdiha house
Using light color for external surface
And using vegitation for reduce the heat
Boroujerdiha house
Using water for make evaporation
And court yard
Plan and section through a
Persian house showing a
unidirectional badgir
which is open to cool
breezes from the
north but rejects the hot
winds from the south. A
vacuum at the mouth of
the badgir pulls cool air
into the rooms from the
patio
 Wind Mud or mud brick is the most common building material
used to make the thick walls of the hot arid zone buildings. These walls
were often 400 to 800mm in thickness. The mud mixtures often included
earth, soil, dry vegetation, and stone aggregate. Specific climatic
conditions of humidity, soil, and sun produced the need for varying
techniques of mud structure construction. In the ‘puddled’ form
technique, earth material is placed in a form with water and layered upon
itself to form a laminated wall. The addition of rocks and boulders
provides strength and reenforcement,
to the construction of the wall.
The ‘wattle and daub’ technique used a crude armature of light framework built of
sticks and wood to serve as both formwork and reinforcing, for mud to be placed
within and around the structure. The rammed earth technique is often employed to
make mud bricks in areas where water is not readily available to form ‘puddled
mud’.
Short walls or brick forms are filled with damp, and not wet, mud with earth placed
between them .The moist mixture is then compacted with a mallet or tamp until the
maximum density is achieved. In order for this technique to work, long periods of
hot, dry weather are required to allow for the rammed earth to dry and strengthen.
The building techniques of the hot arid climatic zones, developed over a long history of
construction, have progressed to promote passive climatic conditioning to protect
inhabitants from
their harsh environments. Those ideas and techniques of city planning, building form,
and
constructions methods offer great insight to the contemporary designer of Middle
Eastern desert.
[1] Arch 384: Desert Ecohouse for Yazd 1/11 Justin Huang 97285431 DESERT ECOHOUSE
University of Waterloo Terri Meyer BoakeArch 384: A Desert Ecohouse for Yazd

[2] Gobadian,Vahid,climaticanalysis of the traditional iranian buildings , 28-30 , 1384

[3] Watson , danald , labs,kenneth , climatic design , 123-125 , 1382

[4] Www.elsevier.com
[5] Www.trendir.com
[6] Www.cprenorfolk.org.uk
[7] Www.ecohome.org