MIX

PROPORTIONING

Construction Technology & Mgt

 VOLUME OF FRESH CONCRETE

The volume of the fresh concrete is equal to

the sum of the absolute volumes of its
components, including the naturally
entrapped or purposely entrained air.

V = Va + Vw + Vc + Vfa + Vca
 V = Va + Vw + Vc + Vfa + Vca

Where:
Va = Volume of the air
Vw = volume of the water
Vc= absolute volume of the cement
Vfa = absolute volume of the fine aggregate
Vca = absolute volume of the coarse aggregate
 Absolute Volume

Ww Wc W fa Wca
V  Va    
1000 1000Gc 1000G fa 1000Gca
 Mix Design/Proportioning

Is the selection of mix ingredients and their

proportion
Mix proportioning is a function of:
Cement
• Type & quality

Aggregate
• Coarse and fine

Water
• Amount, quality& the way mixed and handled

There are also human and environmental effects

(temp,wind speed and relative humidity)
Design Consideration: Obtaining
Good Workability
Design Consideration: Obtaining
Good Workability
Obtaining Good Workability
Obtaining Good Workability
Design Consideration: Prevent
Segregation & Bleeding
Well Graded Aggregates Will Reduce Segregation & Bleeding

Well Graded Poorly Graded

Measuring Workability: Slump
The Slump Cone
Economics of Mix Design
Goals:
Maximize strength
= minimize water
= control bleeding & segregation
Reduce Cost
= use largest gravel possible for the job
= minimize paste requirement

Provide good durability

= use well graded aggregates
= maximize void packing
= reduced segregation
Cost Comparison of Constituents
 MIX DESIGN
The design begins by specifying :
• The desired workability as defined by a
given slump.
• Durability requirements taking in to
consideration the weather exposure
conditions (freeze thawing)
• And the required 28 day compressive
strength.
Design Method We Will Use:
Absolute Volume Method
Assumes air voids in concrete
Amount of concrete is sum of solid & air volumes:

1 CUBIC METER
• Cement
• Sand
• Coarse aggregate
• Water
• Air
WATER CORRECTION
Any water content in aggregates above SSD
water content must be subtracted from the
water requirements

Any water requirement of aggregates

(below the SSD water content) must be
added to the water requirements
Material Values & Constants
Needed For Design:
• Gradation of aggregate (nominal size)
SSD (Absorption) of Sand
Unit Weight & SG of Sand
SSD (Absorption) of coarse aggregate
Fineness modulus of fine aggregate
Unit Weight & SG of coarse aggregate
SG of Cement = 3.15
Density of Water = 1000kg/m3
ACI Standard Mix Design
Method
The standard ACI mix design procedure can
be divided up into 8 basic steps:
1. Choice of slump
2. Maximum aggregate size selection
3. Mixing water and air content selection
4. Water-cement ratio
5. Cement content
6. Coarse aggregate content
7. Fine aggregate content
8. Adjustments for aggregate moisture
 Step #1: Select Slump
Table 9.6
 Step #2: Determine Mixing Water and Air Content
Table 9.5
 Step #3: Max. Agg. Size Check
DEFINITION: Nominal maximum aggregate size is the largest sieve that retains some of
the aggregate particles.

ACI Limits:
1/3 of the slab depth
3/4 of the minimum clear space between
bars/form
1/5 minimum dimension of non-reinforced
member
Aggregate larger than these dimensions may be difficult to consolidate
and compact resulting in a honeycombed structure or large air pockets.
Step #4: Select W/C Ratio
Table 9.3
Step #5: Cement Content
The calculated cement amount is based on
the selected mixing water content and
water-cement ratio.

W/C= Wt. of Water

Wt. of Cement
Step #6: Coarse Agg. Content
Table 9.4
Step #7: Fine Agg. Content
Step #8: Batch Weight & Water Adjustment

Aggregate weights. 
Aggregate volumes are calculated based on oven dry unit weights, but aggregate is
batched in the field by actual weight. 
Any moisture in the stockpiled aggregate will increase its weight.
Without correcting for this, the batched aggregate volumes will be incorrect.

Amount of mixing water. 

If the batched aggregate is anything but saturated surface dry it will absorb water (if
dry) or give up water (if wet) to the cement paste. 
This causes a net change in the amount of water available in the mix and must be
compensated for by adjusting the amount of mixing water added.
Mix Design Example:
10” Thick Unreinforced Pavement Slab
Properties of Concrete
Specified By Engineer:

Slump =25.4 mm
28-day strength of 34.5Mpa
Air content: 4.5 - 6.5 percent
Information About Materials:
Coarse aggregate we are using
• nominal maximum size = 38.1
• dry-rodded weight = 1600kg/m3
• specific gravity = 2.68
• moisture content = 1.0 percent
• absorption = 0.5 percent
Fine aggregate:
• fineness modulus = 2.80
• specific gravity = 2.64
• moisture content = 5 percent
• absorption = 0.7 percent
Step #1: Select Slump

Engineer Specified 1” (correlates w/table)

Table 9.6
 Step #2: Determine Mixing Water and Air Content

1.5” Stone
Table 9.5

1” Slump
 Step #2: Determine Mixing Water and Air Content
Weight of Water = 150kg/m3 or 250 lbs/yd 3

Volume of Water = 250 lbs/yd3 = 4 ft3

62.4 lbs/ft3

Volume of Water =3.06 m3per cubic meter of concrete

Step #3: Max. Agg. Size Check
ACI Limits:
1/3 of the slab depth

10”/3 = 3.33 inches > 1.5” OK

 Step #4: Select W/C Ratio
Table 9.3
Step #5: Cement Content
W/C= Wt. of Water
Wt. of Cement
Wt. of Cement = 250 lbs/yd3 or
.40
=625 lbs/yd3

Volume of Cement = 625 lbs/yd3 (Concrete)

3.15 x 62.4 lbs/ft3
SG Cement

Volume of Cement = 3.18 ft3 per cubic yard of concrete

Step #6: Coarse Agg. Content
Table 9.4
 Step #6: Coarse Agg. Content

Weight (Dry)
=.71 x 27 ft3/yd3 x 100 lb/ft3 = 1,917 lbs

Dry Rodded Unit Wt of Stone

Volume = 1,917 lbs = 11.46 ft3

2.68 x 62.4 lbs/ft3
SG Stone
 Step #7: Fine Agg. Content

27 ft3 Cubic Yard of Concrete

4 ft3 Water
1.49 ft3 Air (.055 x 27 ft3)
3.18 ft3 Cement
11.46 ft3 Stone
6.87 ft3 Sand

Wt of Sand(Dry) = 6.87 ft3 x 2.64 x 62.4 lbs/ft3 = 1,131.7 lbs.

SG Sand
Step #8: Aggregate Batch Weights & Water Adjustment

Wt of Stone(Wet) = 1,917 lbs x 1.01= 1%1,936.2

Moisture
lbs

Wt of Sand(Wet) =1,131.7 lbs x 1.05= 5%

1,188.3
Moisture
lbs
 Step #8: Aggregate Batch Weights & Water Adjustment
Mixing water needs to be adjusted. Both the coarse and fine aggregate
are wet of SSD and will contribute water to the cement paste.

Water from Stone = 1,917 lbs. x (.01-.005) = 9.59 lbs

Dry Wt. Moisture Absorption

Water from Sand= 1,131.7 lbs x (.05-.007) = 48.66 lbs

Dry Wt. Moisture Absorption

Water = 250 lbs – 9.59 lbs – 48.66 lbs = 191.75 lbs

Final Batch Wts. (1 Cubic Yard)

Water 191.75 lbs = 23 gallons

Cement 625 lbs

Stone 1,936.2 lbs

Sand 1,188.3 lbs