22.

2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

KEY CONCEPT
Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within
flowers.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by
specialized leaves.
• Sepals and petals are modified leaves.
– Sepals are outermost
layer that protects
developing flower

sepal
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

– Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

petal
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• A stamen is the male structure of the flower.

stamen

filament anther

– anther produces pollen grains

– filament supports the anther
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• The innermost, female part of a flower is the Pistil.

stigma

carpel style

ovary

– stigma is sticky tip

– style is tube leading from stigma to ovary
– ovary produces female gametophyte
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

A.

F. B.
C.
G.
D.

E.

H.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

E.

G. F.
D.
C.
A. B.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals.

• Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on
stigma.
• Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large
amounts of pollen.
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less

pollen.
– many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators

pollen grains

– pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower

– animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Fertilization takes place within the flower.
• Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the
anthers.
– male spores produced in
anthers by meiosis
– each spore divides by
mitosis to form two
haploid cells, two cells form a
single pollen grain
pollen grain
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a

flower’s ovary.
– four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis
– one spore develops into female gametophyte
– female gametophyte contains seven cells
– one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei
– one cell will develop into an egg
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma.

pollen tube

sperm

stigma

– one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube

– other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flowering plants go through the process of double

fertilization.
female
gametophyte

egg

sperm

polar nuclei

ovule
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flowering plants go through the process of double

fertilization. endosperm

– one sperm fertilizes

the egg seed coat

– other sperm unites

with polar nuclei,
forming endosperm
– endosperm provides
food supply for
embryo
embryo
22.2 Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Each ovule becomes a seed.

• The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.
22.1 Plant Life Cycles
KEY CONCEPT
All plants alternate between two phases in their life
cycles.
22.1 Plant Life Cycles
Plant life cycles alternate between producing spores and
gametes.
• A two-phase life cycle is called alternation of generations.
– haploid phase
– diploid phase
– alternates between
the two
SPOROPHYTE
PHASE
fertilization

meiosis
GAMETOPHYTE
PHASE
22.1 Plant Life Cycles
• The spore-producing plant is the mature sporophyte.
– sporophyte phase is diploid
– begins with fertilized egg
– spores produced through
meiosis
• The gamete-producing plant is the
mature gametophyte.
– gametophyte
phase is haploid
– begins with spore
– gametes
produced through

mitosis
22.1 Plant Life Cycles
Life cycle phases look different among various plant
groups.
• Nonvascular plants have a dominant gametophyte phase.
– moss gametophytes look like green carpet
– moss sporophytes shoot up as stalk-like structures

sporophyte (2n)
capsule
spores (1n)

gametophyte (1n)
22.1 Plant Life Cycles

• The sporophyte is the dominant phase for seedless

vascular plants.
– Fern spores form in sacs, sori, on underside of mature
sporophytes (fronds).

sporophyte (2n)

sori
22.1 Plant Life Cycles

• The sporophyte is the dominant phase for seeded vascular

plants.
– pine trees are typical seed plant sporophytes
– female spores produced in female cones
– male spores produced in male cones
– male spores develop into pollen grains, the male
gametophytes
– female spores develop into female gametophytes that
produce eggs
– sperm from pollen travel down pollen tube toward egg
– fertilized egg develops into embryo
– ovule develops into protective pine seed
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination
KEY CONCEPT
Seeds disperse and begin to grow when conditions
are favorable.
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination
Animals, wind, and water can spread seeds.
• Seeds dispersed by animals can have nutritious fruits or
fruits that cling.
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Seeds dispersed by wind can have wing- or parachute-

like fruits.

Cypselae

Double samaras
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Seeds dispersed by water can have fruits that float.

22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination
Seeds begin to grow when environmental conditions are
favorable.
• Seed dormancy is a state in which the embryo has stopped
growing.
– Dormancy may end
when conditions are
favorable.
– While dormant,
embryo can withstand
extreme conditions.
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a

seedling.
– water causes seed to swell and crack coat
– embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge
– water activates enzymes that help send sugars to
embryo
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a

seedling.
– water causes seed to swell and crack coat
– embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge
– water activates enzymes that help send sugars to
embryo
– embryonic shoot, plumule, emerges next
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Germination begins the growth of an embryo into a

seedling.
– water causes seed to swell and crack coat
– embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge
– water activates enzymes that help send sugars to
embryo
– embryonic shoot, plumule, emerges next
– leaves emerge last
22.3 Seed Dispersal and Germination

• Once photosynthesis begins, the plant is called a seedling.

22.4 Asexual Reproduction
KEY CONCEPT
Plants can produce genetic clones of themselves
through asexual reproduction.
22.4 Asexual Reproduction
Plants can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or
roots.
• Asexual reproduction allows a plant to make copies of itself.
• Regeneration is one type of asexual reproduction.
– plants grow a new individual from fragment of parent
– occurs when piece of a stem, leaf, or root falls off parent
plant
22.4 Asexual Reproduction

• Vegetative reproduction is another type of asexual

reproduction.
– stems, leaves, or roots
attached to parent plant
produce new individuals
– specific adaptations
include stolons, rhizomes,
and tubers
22.4 Asexual Reproduction
Humans can produce plants with desirable traits using
vegetative structures.
• Vegetative propagation takes advantage of plants’ ability to
reproduce asexually.
• Humans use one plant with desirable traits to produce
many individuals.
– cutting of leaves or stems may grow new roots
– grafting joins the parts of
two plants together to form

a hybrid plant