Air pollution

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 Atmosphere would act as a natural sink for gases
such as
 CO2, Nox, SO2, CO, H2S, SPM (sand and dust)
 Which are released through natural activities

Man made pollutants contribute multifold

compared to natural emissions

Accumulation of pollutants leads to the

disturbance (in dynamic equilibrium)

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 The most common air pollutants
Carbon monoxide
Oxides of nitrogen

Sulphur dioxide

Hydrocarbons

Particulates

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 Carbon monoxide

Automobile exhaust (60% of CO in the atmosphere)

Forest and agricultural residues burning (17% )

Industrial operations (10%)

 Iron and steel industry  Gas manufacture
 Petroleum refining  Coal mining
 Paper industry  Fertilizer industry

Soil micro-organisms act as a major sink

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 Carbon monoxide…
Transportation sector accounts 74% of global CO emissions

Reduction of CO emission from vehicles

 Engine design modification
 Fuels treatment and modification
 Exhaust emission control system
 Exhaust gas recirculation
 Engine design modification

 Air to fuel ratio plays a significant role

 Low air to fuel ratio reduces NOX emissions but enhances
the generation of CO and unreacted HCs
 Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio
 High% of fuel in air-fuel ratio (improved fuel distribution,
faster ignition and low compression ratio)
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 Carbon monoxide…
 Fuel modification and development of efficient fuels

 Biodiesel blending with petro-fuels

 CNG, reformed gasoline, blends of hydrocarbons
 Ethanol blending in petrol
 Fuel additives
 TEL (tetra ethyl lead) was used as anti-knocking agent

 Exhaust gas treatment

 Treatment of exhaust gases using thermo-catalytic system

 Two stage catalytic converters
 Pt, Pd and Ruthenium catalyst bed converts NOX into N2 and NH3
 In the second stage CO and HCs are oxidized in presence of Pt and
Ru
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Oxides of Nitrogen

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Ozone formation in the atmosphere

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Photochemical smog formation

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 Sulphur dioxide formation

 67% of global SOX comes from volcanic activity and other

natural sources
 33% of global SOX comes from human activities (fuel
combustion, thermal power plants, transportation,
petroleum refineries, smelting of sulphur ore and
fertilizer industries)
Sulphur present solid,liquid and gaseous fuels
would appear as SOX in the flue gases
 Chemical scrubbing
 Low sulphur fuels

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 Impact of acid rain

 Damage to building and structural materials, ancient

sculptures, carved from marble, limestone, sand-stone
 Pitting and mechanical weakening due to acid attack
 Threat to Tajmahal and other historical monuments

 Acidification of soil (microbial survival and nitrogen

fixation)
 Damage to aquatic system

 Health effects

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 Student learning projects

1. Recycling of domestic water (1-10)

2. Rain water harvesting system (11-21)
3. Organic manure from kitchen waste (22-31)
4. Plastic waste management (32-41)
5. Municipal solid waste management (42-51)
6. Enhancement of domestic gas burning system (52-61)
7. Handling of e-waste (62-71)
8. Minimization of water evaporation losses from lakes (72-81)
9. Automobile exhaust emission control (82-92)
10.Enhancement of CO2 recycling through novel routes (93-102)
11.Development of eco-friendly homes (103-112)
12. Usage of renewable energy sources (113-124)

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