CHAPTER-2

ACIDS,BASES AND SALTS

 Common Acids :

1.Acetic acid
1.Hydrochloric
(CH3COOH) acid (HCl)
2.Citric acid 2.Sulphuric acid
(C6H8O7) (H2SO4)
3.Formic acid 3.Nitric acid
(HCOOH) (HNO3)
TYPES OF INDICATORS:
(i) Indicators showing different colours in acidic and
basic medium------

(a)Natural indicator-Litmus paper, Red

cabbage

(b)Synthetic indicator-Phenolphthalein,Methyl
orange
(ii) Indicators giving different odours in acidic and
basic medium(olfactory indicator)--onion,clove oil
REACTION OF METALS WITH ACIDS AND BASES:

(a)WITH ACIDS------
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(b)WITH BASES-----
Zn+NaOH→Na2ZnO2+H2
 REACTION OF ACIDCS AND BASES WITH
METAL CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES:

Na2CO3+ 2HCl------->2NaCl+ H2O+CO2

NaHCO3 +HCl-------->NaCl+H2O +CO2

TEST FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

Ca(OH)2 +CO2------->CaCO3 +H2O
lime water (insoluble in water)

CaCO3 +H2O+CO2------> Ca(HCO3)2

(soluble in water)
4

REACTION OF ACIDS WITH BASES:

Neutrilisation reaction :

NaOH +HCl---->NaCl +H2O

H2SO4 +2NaOH---->Na2SO4 +2H2O

Reaction of Metallic Oxides with
Acids :
Al2O3 +6HCl---> AlCl3 +3H2O

ZnO+ H2SO4--->ZnSO4 +H2O

Reaction of non-metallic
oxide with base :

CO2 +Ca(OH)2---> CaCO +H O

3 2
 Chemicals fron Common Salt

NaOH
(Caustic
Soda)
CaOCl2
(Bleaching NaHCO3
powder) (Baking Soda) Na2CO3.10H2O
(Washing Soda)
 Preparation
NaOH

2NaCl +2H2O 2NaOH+H +Cl 2 2

CHLOR-ALKALI PROCESS
(Electrolysis of Brine Solution)
 Uses Of NaOH Uses of Chlorine
1. soaps and detergent 1. As disinfectant
2.paper industry 2. making PVC(polymer)
3.as a laboratory reagent 3. CFC,DDT

Uses of H2
1.hydrogenation of vegetable oil
2.As a fuel
 Preparation

Bleaching Powder

chemical name: Calcium oxy chloride

Ca(OH)2 +Cl2 CaOCl2+H2O

Uses of Bleaching Powder

1. Textile industry for bleaching cotton

and linen
2. Paper industry for bleaching wood
pulp
3. As a disinfectant
 Preparation
NaHCO3 -SODIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE
[BAKING SODA]

2NaCl +2H2O+NH3+CO2------- NaHCO3+NH Cl

4
USES OF BAKING SODA
● 1.AS ANTACIDS AGAINST ACIDITY
● 2. IN SODA ACID FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
● 3. ALONG WITH EDIBLE ACIDS LIKE TARTARIC ACID IT IS USED FOR
MAKING BREADS AND CAKES SOFT AND SPONGY

● ON HEATING 2NaHCO3----------- Na2CO3 +H2O +CO2

WASHING SODA Na2CO310H2O
SODIUM CARBONATE DECA HYDRATE
● PREPARED BY RECRYSTALLISATION OF SODIUM CARBONATE
● Na2CO3 +10H2O----------------------- Na2CO310H2O
● USES
● 1.AS CLEANING AGENT IN DOMESTIC PURPOSES
● 2. IN THE MANUFACTURE OF GLASS, SOAP,BORAX
&PAPER
● 3.FOR REMOVING PERMANENT HARDNESS
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION

● WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION IS STHE FIXED NUMBER OF WATER

MOLECULES CHEMICALLY ATTACHED TO EACH FORMULA UNIT OF
A SALT IN ITS CRYSTALLINE FORM
● EXAMPLE BLUE COLOURED COPPER SULPHATE CRYSTALS
● GREEN COLOURED FERROUS SULPHATE CRYSTALS
PLASTER OF PARIS –CaSO4 ½ H2O
Calcium sulphate hemi hydrate
● TWO CALCIUM SULPHATE UNITS SHARE ONE MOLECULE OF
WATER
● IT IS PREPARED BY HEATING GYPSUM
● IT BECOMES HARD ON CONTACT WITH MOISTURE
● CaSO4 ½ H2O +1 ½ H2O --------------- CaSO4 2 H2O
USES
● FOR MAKING DECORATIVE ITEMS, TOYS
● MAKING SURFACE SMOOTH
● SUPPORTING FRACTURED BONES
THANK YOU