DEEP FOUNDATIONS

BY
DR. MAGDI ZUMRAWI
CONTENTS

 Definition
 Types
 Piles Foundation
Definition
 Deep foundations are those founding too deeply
below the ground surface for their base bearing
capacity to be affected by surface conditions.
 Deep foundations usually are founded at depths >3 m
below finished ground level.
 They include piles, piers and caissons or
compensated foundations using deep basements and
also deep pad or strip foundations.
 Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading
to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if
unsuitable soils are present near the surface.
 Types
 Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit
foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity
to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity.
They are used when for
1. As supporting structures, to transmit loads to strata beyond
the practical reach of shallow foundations.
2. to anchor structures against uplift forces
3. to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning
forces.
 Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load
which is constructed insitu in a deep excavation.
 Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are
constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required
level by excavating.
Piles Definition
 Piles are structural members of concrete,
timber and steel
 Piles are used to transmit surface loads to
lower levels in the soil mass.
 This transfer distributes the load vertically
along the pile shaft or a direct application of
load to a lower stratum through the pile point.
 Piles functions
 Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity
can not be found at shallow enough depths to support the
structural loads.
 Piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction.
 The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either end
bearing or skin friction depends on the soil conditions.
 Piles can be used to support various different types of
structural loads.
 A vertical distribution of the load is made using a friction (or
floating) pile and a direct load application is made by a point
(or end-bearing) pile.
Piles Uses Purposes
 To carry the superstructure loads into or through a soil
stratum. Both vertical and lateral loads may be involved.
 To resist uplift or overturning forces such as for basement
rafts below the water table or to support tower legs subjected
to overturning from lateral loads such as wind.
 To control settlements when spread footings or raft is on a soft
soil or underlain by a highly compressible soil stratum.
 As an additional safety factor beneath bridge abutments and
piers.
 In offshore construction to transmit loads above the water
surface through the water and into the underlying soil.
 To compact loose, cohesionless soils through a combination
of pile volume displacement and driving vibrations. These
piles may be later pulled.
Piles Construction Methods:

 Driving with blows on the top of the pile using

a pile hammer.
 Driving using a vibratory device attached to
the top of the pile.
 Jacking the pile. This technique is more
applicable for short stiff piles.
 Drilling a hole and either inserting a pile into it
or filling the hole with reinforced concrete.