ACTORS, STAKEHOLDERS, AND THE PUBLICS:

PARTICIPANTS AND BENEFICIARIES OF DECISION

MAKING

Presented/ Reported by:

Maria Lira U. Reyes
MGM - 511
Subject: Dynamics and Techniques of Decision Making
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
July 9, 2022
ACTORS IN THE DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Who is an Actor?
The actors are only those who actually act.

The actors carry the responsibility for the process.

Types of Actors:

 Political Actors: These are

the elected representatives
that need to have access to
the decisional arenas.
Types of Actors:

 Bureaucratic Actors: These are

the actors in the administrative
sectors and they influence the
decision making process based
on specific responsibility.
Types of Actors:

 Special Interest: These actors

may include individuals,
organizations or people who live
in a specific area and or have a
specific set of collective
interests.
Types of Actors:

 General Interest: These are

actors who base their claim of
intervention in the decisional
process on the premise they
represent subjects and/or
interests that cannot defend
themselves.
Types of Actors:

 Expert: They base their claim of

intervention on the fact they have
the necessary knowledge, thus
decisional processes must
involve them as much as
possible.
CATEGORIES OF ACTORS:
Broadly speaking, one can place the actors in the national and local
government decision making process into one of two categories:

 Institutional Actors
Are involved in the public policy process are governments and
governmental agencies that deal with public affairs.

 Non-Institutional Actors
Are independent of the government and have different types of
resources at their disposal, and employ varying strategies in their
efforts to influence state and local public policy.
INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS:

 Executive Branch/Departments

 Legislative Branch

 Judicial Branch
NON-INSTITUTIONAL ACTORS:

 Political Parties
 Interest Groups
 Social Movement
 Non-Governmental Organizations

 Mass Media
 Citizen
ROLES OF ACTORS WITHIN THE PROCESS:
The role of the actor can be defined as the function it fulfill within the
process. The recognizable roles are:

 Raise problems and proposes a specific solution.

 Guides the process, from the first proposal to the end.
 Oppose actions that is not based on the goals of the decision making
process at hand.
 Mediate between concerned actors of the process.
 Filter resources presented.
 Ensure that there will be a decision made.
ACTORS’ RESOURCES:
There are four types of resources which are common in decision making
processes:
• political resources,
• economic resources,
• legal resources; and
• cognitive resources.

Resources, can also be classified into three group, which are:

• data and information,
• theories and models; and
• knowledge about the process.
STAKEHOLDERS IN DECISION MAKING

Who is a Stakeholder?
Stakeholders are those who may be affected by or have an
effect on an effort.

They may also include people who have a strong interest in

the effort for academic, philosophical, or political reasons,
even though they and their families, friends, and associates
are not directly affected by it.
STAKEHOLDERS CATEGORY
 Key Stakeholders
are those who can have a positive or negative effect on an effort, or
who are important within or to an organization, agency, or institution
engaged in an effort.
Examples:
o Legislators. Representatives, senators who introduce and pass
laws and generally control public budgets.
o Governors, mayors, city/town councilors, etc. The executives that
carry out laws, administer budgets, and generally run the show can
contribute greatly to the success – or failure – of an effort.
o Policy makers. These people or groups often have no official power
– they may be “advisers” to those with real power – but their
opinions and ideas are often followed closely
STAKEHOLDERS CATEGORY
 Secondary Stakeholders
are people or groups that are indirectly affected, either positively or
negatively, by an effort or the actions of an agency, institution, or
organization.
These might include individuals and organizations that live with, are
close to, or care for the people in question, and those that offer
services directly to them.
Examples:
o Parents, spouses, siblings, children, other family members,
significant others, friends.
o Schools and their employees – teachers, counselors, aides, etc.
WHY IDENTIFY AND ANALYZE STAKEHOLDERS AND
THEIR INTERESTS?
 It puts more ideas on the table.
 It includes varied perspectives from all sectors and elements of the
community affected.
 It gains buy-in and support for the effort from all stakeholders.
 It’s fair to everyone.
 It prevents from being blindsided by unknown concerns.
PARTICIPANTS IN A DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Who is a Participant?

Participants are the persons that partake or share with the

decision making process.
They can be both the stakeholders or the actors.
BENEFICIARIES OF A DECISION MAKING PROCESS

Who is a Beneficiary?
One who benefits or receives an advantage from the decision
making process.

By identifying the beneficiary groups within stakeholder

groups, decision makers are better able to identify and
articulate the ways in which those in the community benefit
from a decision.
SUMMARY:

 Actors – responsible to carry-out the process.

 Stakeholders – the ones who will be affected and/or might affect the
process.
 Participants – the ones that are part of the process.
 Beneficiaries – the ones who will benefit from the result of the process.
REFERENCE:

 Okoro Faith Eferemo.: Actors And Roles In Decision-Making Process,

Politecnico Di Torino (July 22, 2016),
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315014371_ACTORS_AND_ROLES_IN_DECISION-MAKING_P
ROCESS

 Section 8. Identifying and Analyzing Stakeholders and Their Interests;

Community Tool Box. https://
ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/participation/encouraging-involvement/identify-stakeholders/main#:~:
text=Stakeholders%20are%20those%20who%20may, not%20directly%20affected%20by%20it.
 END.
Thank you…