FLOW METER

Orifice plate flowmeters

• The orifice plate is one in a group known as head loss devices or
differential pressure flowmeters. In simple terms the pipeline fluid is
passed through a restriction, and the pressure differential is
measured across that restriction. Based on the work of Daniel
Bernoulli in 1738 (see Tutorial 4.2), the relationship between the
velocity of fluid passing through the orifice is proportional to the
square root of the pressure loss across it. Other flowmeters in the
differential pressure group include venturis and nozzles.

• With an orifice plate flowmeter, the restriction is in the form of a plate

which has a hole concentric with the pipeline. This is referred to as
the primary element.

• To measure the differential pressure when the fluid is flowing,

connections are made from the upstream and downstream pressure
tappings, to a secondary device known as a DP (Differential
Pressure) cell.
• From the DP cell, the information may be fed to a simple flow
indicator, or to a flow computer along with temperature and/or
pressure data, which enables the system to compensate for
changes in fluid density.

• In horizontal lines carrying vapours, water (or condensate) can build

up against the upstream face of the orifice. To prevent this, a drain
hole may be drilled in the plate at the bottom of the pipe. Clearly, the
effect of this must be taken into account when the orifice plate
dimensions are determined.

• Correct sizing and installation of orifice plates is absolutely

essential, and is well documented in the International Standard ISO
5167