PPTNPPTTP

Cells, Tissues, Organs,

Systems
NN
NPTP

Cells
 General Structure of a Cell

nucleolus
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nucleus

cell membrane

vacuole
cytoplasm
 Plasma Membrane
NPTP
 Cell organelles

NUCLEUS
 There are 23 pairs of
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chromosomes in each human

cell
– 22 pairs of autosomes
– 1 pair of sex chromosomes
 Each chromosome has 50,000
to 100,000 genes
 Cell organelles

NUCLEUS
 Contains genetic material including DNA
NPTP

and proteins which together form

chromosomes
 Functional subunits of chromosomes are
called genes
 Directs the activities of cell including
protein synthesis
 Cell organelles

MITOCHONDRIA
 Power house of cell
NPTP

 Contain enyme which metabolise food,

releasing energy
 Involved in aerobic respiration, which
generates ATP
 ATP is subsequently broken down to
release energy
 Cell organelles
RIBOSOMES
 Composed of RNA and proteins
NPTP

 Synthesize proteins from amino acids

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 Network of membranes that forms flattened sacs
or tubules
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones
- Detoxifies some drugs
 Cell organelles
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Studded with ribosomes
- Synthesizes proteins that are exported
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out of the cell

GOLGI APPARATUS
 Flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges
 Package proteins into membrane bound vesicles
called secretary granules
 Secret enzymes and hormones ie; gland cells
 Cell organelles

LYSOSOMES
 Membrane bound vesicles formed in Golgi
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apparatus
 Containing a variety of digestive or
hydrolytic enzymes
 Involved in breakdown of DNA, RNA,
foreign material, etc
 General structure of a Cell

nucleolus
NPTP

nucleus

cell membrane

vacuole
cytoplasm
 Cell Division
MITOSIS
 Somatic cell division
NPTP

 Each daughter cell has complete set of

chromosomes (23 pairs)
 Occurs during growth of fertilized egg into
fetus
 In adult, during replacement of worn out
cells by newer identical cells
 Cell Differentiation or Specialization
NPTP
 Cell Division

MEIOSIS
NPTP

 Reproductive cell division

 Occurs during the formation of gametes
 Each daughter cell has only half the
number of chromosomes (23)
 PPTNPPTTP
NN

Tissues
 Tissues - Introduction
 Group of similar cells that function
together to carry out specialized
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activities
 Four main types
- Epithelium
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
 Type I - Epithelium

 Covers body surfaces and lines cavities,

NPTP

hollow organs and ducts

 Consists of closely packed cells lying
on a basement membrane
 Epithelium
Classified as:

Epithelium
NPTP

Simple Compound

Squamous
Cubical Stratified Transitional
Columnar
Ciliated columnar
NPTP Squamous Epithelium

• Lines heart, blood vessels, alveoli of

lungs, etc
 Cubical Epithelium
NPTP

Found in tubules in kidneys and some

glands eg; salivary glands, pancreas,
lacrimal glands and sweat glands
NPTP Columnar Epithelium

Epithelium lining of the intestinal tract

NPTP Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Epithelium lining in respiratory passages,

Moves mucus and other substances by
ciliary motion
 Type II - Connective Tissue
 Most abundant and widely distributed
tissue in the body
NPTP

 Important functions:
- Binding and structural support
- Protection
- Transport
- Insulation
 Connective Tissue
 Basic elements:
- Cells
- Matrix
NPTP

 Examples:
- Adipose tissue
- Cartilage
- Blood
- Lymphoid tissue
- Bone
 Type III - Muscle Tissue
 Generates physical force needed to make
body structures move
 Functions
NPTP

- Produces motion
- Maintains posture
- Generates heat
 There are 3 types –
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
 Skeletal (Striped) Muscle

stripes
(striations)
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nucleus

• Contain alternate light and dark bands

• Usually attached to bones of skeleton
• Under voluntary control
 Cardiac Muscle

nucleus
NPTP

Intercalated discs

• Striated
• Forms the bulk of heart wall
• Not under voluntary control
NPTP Smooth (Plain) Muscle

nucleus

• Not striated
• Not under voluntary control
• Form the walls of hollow internal structures
like blood vessels, intestine, urinary bladder,
etc.
 Type IV - Nervous Tissue
 Neurons
- Generate and conduct impulses in
response to stimuli
NPTP

 Neuroglia
- Supporting cells
 Microglia
- Multiply in response to tissue damage,
clear dead neurons
NPTP Neuron
 Neurotransmission
NPTP
 PPTNPPTTP

End of Chapter
Cells and Tissues
NN
 PPTNPPTTP

Organs and Systems

NN
 Organs
 Structures composed of 2 or more tissue
types
 Have specific functions and
NPTP

characteristic shapes
 Examples
- Heart
- Liver
- Lungs
- Brain
 CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


NPTP Levels of Organization:
 Organ Systems
 Consists of related organs that have a
common function
 Examples
NPTP

- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Gastro-intestinal system
- Musculo-skeletal system
- Endocrine system
- Genito-urinary system
NPTP Heart to Heart Talk
NPTP CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
NPTP NORMAL HEART
NPTP BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART
NPTP HEART – ELECTROMECHANICAL ORGAN
 PHASES OF THE RESTING ECG
NPTP
 HEART SUPPLIES BLOOD TO ALL
PPTNPPTTP
CELLS IN THE BODY BUT…

WHO SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE

NN

HEART?
BANK TELLER GIVES ACCOUNT
HOLDERS MONEY BUT HOW IS S/HE
PAID?
NPTP
NPTP

NERVOUS SYSTEM
 Cell Body

Axon
NPTP

Axon Hillock

Axon Collateral

Dendrite
 NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nervous
NPTP

Peripheral (PNS) System Central (CNS)

Autonomic Somatic
(Involuntary) (Voluntary)

Sympathetic Parasympathetic
(Adrenergic) (Cholinergic)
NPTP
 THE BRAIN

 Jelly like tissue

NPTP

 > 100 billion multi-polar neurons

 Weighs 3 pounds

 Uses > 20% of body’s oxygen

 Burns > 150 calories during intense concentration

 CNS

 Consists of:
– Brain.
NPTP

– Spinal cord.
 Receives input from
sensory neurons.
 Directs activity of
motor neurons.
 Association neurons
maintain homeostasis.
 Brain: Principal Parts
 Cerebrum & components -
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal
NPTP

Ganglia,

 Limbic system

 Brainstem - Midbrain, Pons,

Medulla oblongata, reticular
formation

 Cerebellum
 CNS - Meninges

 Dura Mater
NPTP

 Arachnoid Mater

 Pia Mater
 Cerebro-Spinal Fluid (CSF)

 Produced by choroid plexus in ventricles

NPTP

 Circulates in subarachnoid space between

arachnoid and pia mater

 Provides cushion and nourishment

 Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
 Spinal nerves - 31 pairs
NPTP

( 8 cervical, 12 thorasic, 5 lumbar, 6 sacral)

 Cranial nerves - 12 pairs

( 3 are sensory, 5 are motor and 4 are mixed.

Thses arise from the brain and form a part of the PNS)
 Nervous System Functions
Control & Communication
Center
 Maintains homeostasis
NPTP

 Enables body to continuously monitor & interact with

environment

 Sensory

 Integrative

 Motor
NPTP

GASTRO-INTESTINAL
SYSTEM
 Gastrointestinal System

 Mouth, pharynx
 Esophagus
NPTP

 Stomach
 Small intestine- duodenum, jejunum, ileum
 Large intestine- colon, rectum
 Liver and Pancreas connect to the digestive tract and
are essential components
NPTP
NPTP Esophagus
NPTP Stomach
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
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End of Chapter
NPTP

URINARY SYSTEM
 Urinary System
NPTP

 Kidney
 Ureters
 Bladder
 Urethra
 PPTNPPTTP
NN
NPTP Kidney: Structure
 Anatomy
 Anatomical structure
NPTP

– 12 x 6 x 3 cm, 120-170 g
– Outer cortex, inner medulla

 Renal Blood supply

– Vascular organ, 1,800 L/day
– Afferent vs Efferent arterioles
NPTP
NPTP
 Microscopic Structure
 Microscopic structure
NPTP

– 1 million “Nephrons’
– Renal Corpuscle - glomerulus, Bowman’s
capsule
– Renal tubules - PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT,
Collecting ducts
 Primary Functions

 Excrete
– Metabolic wastes
NPTP

 Maintain
– Fluid balance
– Electrolyte balance
– Acid-base balance
 Regulate
– Blood pressure

1
NPTP

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Upper
Respiratory
Tract
NPTP

Lower
Respiratory
Tract
 UPPER
RESPIRATORY
TRACT
NPTP

• NASAL
PASSAGES
• PARANASAL
SINUSES
• PHARYNX
• LARYNX
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
NPTP
 Cough: A Protective Reflex
 Helps expel irritant matter from respiratory
tract
NPTP

 Necessary for preventing mechanical

obstruction to breathing
 A variant of respiratory reflex
NPTP

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