EEX4448-Electrical machines

Day School 1

Mrs.RHG Sasikala
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Open University of Sri Lanka
07/02/2021
Course content
 Day Schools (DS)-4
Tutor marked assignments (TMA) -3
Continuous Assessment Test (CAT) -2, open book type
Laboratory Experiments( LAB)- 3 , which need 5 sessions
Final Examination(FE)- 1, closed book type
Course Material
 Block 1 and Block 2
Block 1- 3 units
 Unit I: Single and three phase transformers
 Unit II: DC machines
 Unit III: AC machines

Block 2- 1 unit
 Unit IV-Synchronous Machines

 Soft copy of the course material will be available on the course LearnOUSL Online class. Also You can
download EEX4448- Block 1 from the common faculty LearnOUSL course.
 Online class-LearnOUSL
 consist of
TMA and Model Answers- current and past academic years
Course material
Learning resources- videos, audios and supplementary documents
Discussion classes
TMA submission drop box
Quizzes for all four units- to self evaluate the progress
Username and password is same as Previous( NIC and s-user)
 Power Transformers

References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M_PyCGiv0qo
 Content
Introduction to power transformers
Construction
Classification
Principle of operation
EMF Equation
Transformer losses
Open Circuit test
Short circuit test
Vector groups

6
 Transformers ?
Why power system needs a transformer?
 To step-up the generation voltages and step-down the distribution voltages
 High voltage electricity transmission is economical

Used as instrument transformers for metering purposes

 Current transformer
 Potential or Voltage transformer
Transformers
Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another( no energy
conversion)
No change of frequency
By electromagnetic induction
Has electric circuits that are linked by common magnetic circuit
static electrical device , no moving parts- so that highest efficiency among
the electrical machines due to absence of friction and windage losses,
other losses are relatively low
 96% to 97%
 Insulation is easy
 Construction
 Two windings
 Primary winding
 Secondary winding
 A common laminated
magnetic core
Classification
In terms of Number of phases
 Single phase
 Three phase
Depending of the voltage level at which the winding
is operated
 Step-up : primary winding is a low voltage winding
 Step-down : primary winding is a high voltage winding
Depending on the construction
 Shell-type
 Core type
Principle of operation
Based upon Faraday’s laws of Electromagnetic induction
 Self induction
 Mutual induction
EMF Equation
 By faraday’s law

 K-Transformation ratio
Ideal transformer on no-load
Ideal transformer on load
Ideal transformer
 Assumptions made in obtaining the properties of an ideal
power
 It was assumed that all the flux is confined to the core and links both windings. That is, no
flux leakage

 It was assumed that the winding resistance is zero.

 It was also assumed that the losses are zero. With the second assumption there is no power
loss in the windings and with this assumption the core loss is also becoming zero.

 No load current was assumed as nearly zero in view of the assumption that the permeability
of the core is so high that only a negligible m.m.f. is required to establish the flux.
Practical transformer on no-load

Practical transformer on no-load

 This is magnetizing component lagging V1 exactly by 90°

 This is core loss component which is in phase with V1

Practical transformer on load
 Effect of winding resistance
 Iron loss
 Effect of leakage flux

References: https://www.google.com/search?q=real+transformer+phasor+diagram+on+load&client=firefox-b-
d&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9rpaT9tXuAhXDXCsKHUTZA6YQ_AUoAnoECBIQBA&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=Dxr-
2234-WRkXM
Equivalent circuit of transformer
 Practical transformer equivalent circuit
Equivalent circuit of transformer
 Exact equivalent circuit of a transformer
 R2ꞌ=R2/k2, X2ꞌ=X2/k2, Z2ꞌ=Z2/k2,
Transformer Losses

References: https://circuitglobe.com/types-of-losses-in-transformer.html
Open circuit test

References: https://www.google.lk/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicshub.org=8
 Open circuit test
to determine no load loss or core loss and no load current I0 which is helpful in finding shunt branch parameters
Xm and Rm

One of the winding is connected to supply at rated voltage and frequency, while the other winding is kept open-
circuited.

For the convenience and availability of supply the test is usually performed from the LV side, while the HV side is
kept open circuited

As the primary no load current I0 (as measured by the ammeter) is small, cu loss is negligibly small in primary
and nill in secondary. Hence the wattmeter reading represents particularly the core loss under no-load condition.
Short circuit test

References: https://www.google.lk/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2F4.bp.blogspot.com%
Short circuit test
one winding, usually the LV winding is short circuited by a thick conductor

A low voltage (usually 5 to 10 % of normal primary voltage) at correct frequency is applied to the
primary and is cautiously increased till full load currents are flowing both in primary and secondary

Since in this test, the applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the normal flux φ
produced is also a small percentage of its nominal value. Hence core losses are very small with the
result that the wattmeter reading represent the full-load Cu loss for the whole transformer.
 Auto Transformers
 only one winding which is tapped to provide the
appropriate voltage
I1
 there is no electrical difference between the action
N 1  N 2 
of a normal double wound transformer and that N1
I2
of the Auto–transformer. V1

 cheaper than a double-wound unit of the same I 2  I1  N2 V2

kVA rating

 as it contains less copper, the copper loss is lower

and the efficiency is higher.
Three-phase transformer

References:https://www.electronicshub.org/three-phase-transformer/
 Three-phase transformer connections

References: https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transformer/three-phase-transformer.html
Vector groups

References: https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?
q=tbn:ANd9GcTPKz1o7glLHNNZIT6ZMBFnHlE32Aj3kkuRUkja-sHtC1B2Pg-T
Applications
Power Transformer
 Grid substation
 Switching stations
 Distribution / Bulk supply transformer

Instrument Transformers
 Current Transformers
 Voltage Transformers

Instrument Transformers used for system measurement,

protection and control
New trends

References: https://www.google.lk
 OERs
http://engineertech.org/courses/motors-drives/?submit=view

https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/
Q &A