Process Design

Continuous Process
Standardized production-low investment cost High-volume , Product layout primary material, such as liquid, gas, or powder, moves without stopping through the facility Specialized machines so process is often capital-intensive operated round the clock expensive shutdowns and start-ups Measurement not done in discreet units Short operating time- no waiting or rushing cost/unit is less but maintenance cost is high

controlling
Standardized schedule and route sheets are prepared Production Planning and control is simple Work related to follow-up and Follow up not much required

Mass Production
Standardization Sequence of operations specialization in manufacturing leads to economies of scale

Process Flow
Stress on automation Capacity known in advance

Semi-Continuous Process
They are assembly line processes which are repetitive in nature, they produce high volume of output and the products have little variety. Highly specialized machines Semi-skilled workers Low cost unit Little inventory held between operations Generally measured in discrete units Assembly line balancing

Intermittent process
More variety- high investment cost Low volume, non-standardized General purpose machines Production process is slow Product design and machine set up changes quite often Measurement done in discreet units Large operating time- more waiting time and rushing cost/unit is high but maintenance cost is low Process layout

controlling
Covers specialties of every type and subassemblies /parts required to manufacture the product, so continuous planning at each fresh order is required The system needs wise and careful sequencing of operations which makes scheduling and routing difficult Proper regulation and close inspection is required at different stages of production Storage facilities are provided at each operational stage so job stock control is entrusted to competent personnel Follow up is difficult but inevitable

Batch process
Produced in lots/batches Each lot uses the same set of machines in the same sequence/ processing steps but cleaning and adjustments of the equipment may be required after each production run Number of manufacturing stages, each operation is completed on the batch before moving to the next operation idle time Highly skilled operators

No equipments/ process are totally dedicated In process inventory is large Orders based on receipt of customer order PPC based on business environment, past information and future sales promotion programmes Used in service industry

Job lot manufacturing

Manufacturing carried according to the specifications of the customer orders Whole product one job each operation is completed on the job before moving to the next job Cost ascertained on the bases of job costing Materials procured on the bases of bills of materials Repetitive and non-repetitive orders

Job shop
The products in the job shop are so different from each other that their processing requirements may be different Different process Different machines Different processing time Different scheduling and routing

Characteristics
More waiting time- mix of jobs Low volume High variety- customized Costlier products High capital investment High / unit cost of production

Project
A project consists of a unique complex time consuming activities performed in a sequence

characteristics
Short lifecycle Resource requirement not uniformresource allocation Manpower deployment Matrix form of Org. most suitable Activities costs are interdependent