Chapter 02

Structured Cabling Systems
Chapter 2
Pathways and Spaces
Chapter 2 Installers can expect to learn about the different types of cabling systems, spaces, support structures and installation practices along with specific steps for performing the most common procedures
ITS Installation Manual

Structured Cabling systems
Introduction
A structured cabling system (SCS) is defined as the complete collective configuration of cabling and associated hardware that has been installed at a given site to provide a comprehensive information transport system (ITS) infrastructure. This infrastructure is intended to serve a wide range of uses (e.g., provide access to traditional and/or innovative telephone services, unified messaging solutions, videoconferencing). Computer networks and other low-voltage systems should not be device or application dependent.

Introduction
Every SCS is unique. This is due to variations in: The architectural structure of the building that houses the ITS cabling installation. Cable and connecting hardware. The function of the ITS cabling installation. The types and characteristics of equipment that the ITS cabling installation will support, both present and future. The configuration of an existing cabling installation (in the cases of upgrades and retrofits). Customer requirements. Warranties offered by manufacturers.

Standardization
Although the specifics of an ITS cabling installation are unique, the overall components of a SCS and the methods used to complete and maintain the ITS cabling installation are relatively standard. The standardization of ITS cabling installations, valid all over the world, is necessary to ensure acceptable system performance from increasingly complex systems. Standards provide the following benefits: Consistency of ITS design and cabling installation Conformance to physical and transmission requirements A basis for examining a proposed system expansion and other changes Uniform documentation

Standardization

Standardization
A SCS includes most or all of the following components: Backbone pathways Backbone cabling Horizontal pathways Horizontal cabling Telecommunications outlets/connectors Cross-connect facilities Termination hardware Administration (i.e., labeling and documentation) Multiuser telecommunications outlet assemblies (MUTOAs) Transition points (TPs) Consolidation points (CPs) Centralized cabling Work areas

Backbone Cabling
The term backbone is used to describe cables that handle the bulk of network traffic. The function of the backbone cabling is to provide interconnections between TRs, ERs, main terminal space, and entrance facilities (EFs) in the ITS cabling structure. Backbone cabling consists of the backbone cables, intermediate and main cross-connects, mechanical terminations, and patch cords or jumpers used for backbone-to-backbone cross-connection. Backbone cabling includes cabling between buildings. There are two types of backbone cables: Interbuilding backbone cable is defined as a cable that handles traffic between buildings. Intrabuilding backbone cable is defined as a cable that handles traffic between TRs in a single building.

Backbone Cabling
Cabling standards identify two administrative levels of backbone cabling (see Figure 2.2). A first-level backbone is a cable that is installed between a main crossconnect (MC [campus distributor (CD)]) and an intermediate crossconnect (IC [building distributor (BD)]), or a horizontal cross-connect (HC [floor distributor (FD)]). A second-level backbone is a cable that is installed between an IC (BD) and an HC (FD).

Backbone Cabling
The main components of backbone cabling are: Cable pathways Shafts, conduits, raceways, and floor penetrations (e.g., sleeves or slots) that provide routing space for the cables. The cables Optical fiber, balanced twisted-pair, coaxial, or some combination of these cables. Connecting hardware Connecting blocks, patch panels, interconnections, cross-connections, or some combination of these components. Miscellaneous support facilities Cable support hardware, firestopping, and grounding (earthing) hardware.

Cross Connections
One of the primary functions of the TR is to house cross-connections and interconnections. Figure 2.3 shows a comparison of the two.

Cross Connections
There are three types of cross-connections: Main cross-connect (MC [campus distributor (CD)]) The crossconnect in the ER for connecting entrance cables, backbone cables, and equipment cables Intermediate cross-connect (IC [building distributor (BD)])-The cross-connect points located between the MC (CD) and HC (FD) in interbuilding backbone cabling Horizontal cross-connect (HC [floor distributor (FD)]) A location for the cross-connect of horizontal cabling to other cabling and equipment

Horizontal Cabling
The term horizontal cabling is used because this part of the cabling system typically runs horizontally along the floor and ceiling of a building. The horizontal cabling is the portion of the telecommunications cabling system that extends from the work area telecommunications outlet/connector to the horizontal cross-connect in the TR. The horizontal cabling includes horizontal cables, telecommunications outlet/connectors in the work area, mechanical terminations, and patch cords or jumpers located in the TR, and may include MUTOAs and CPs.

Horizontal Cabling
Horizontal cabling systems consist of two basic elements: Horizontal cable and its connecting hardware provide the means of transporting signals between the telecommunications outlet/connector and the HC (FD) located in the TR. This type of cabling and its connecting hardware are referred to as a permanent link. Horizontal pathways and spaces are used to distribute and support horizontal cable and connecting hardware between the telecommunications outlet/connector and the HC (FD) located in the TR.

Horizontal Cabling
Standards recommend addressing the following considerations when selecting horizontal cabling:
The maximum allowable horizontal cable length is 90 meters [295 feet (ft)]. A minimum of two telecommunications outlets/connectors per work area. The first cable at the work area shall be a minimum of a category 5e/class D (category 6/class E is recommended). The second cable shall be either one of the following: 4-pair 100-ohm unshielded or shielded balanced twisted-pair cables. Two or more strands of optical fiber multimode cable, either 50/125 micrometers (pm) or 62.5/125 pm. Horizontal cabling is usually not readily accessible. The time, effort, and skills required to make future changes can be costly. Horizontal cabling should accommodate a variety of user applications (e.g., voice, data, video, and other low-voltage services) to minimize required changes as needs evolve. Routing and supporting structures for copper horizontal cabling shall take into account areas where potential sources of EMI exist.

Horizontal Cabling

Horizontal Cabling
Figure 2.5 Unshielded twisted-pair cable
Figure 2.6 Shielded twisted-pair cable
Figure 2.7 Screened twisted-pair cable
Figure 2.8 Optical fiber cable

Work Area
A typical work area is approximately 10 m2 (100 ft). Work areas include the components that extend from the telecommunications outlet/connector to the station equipment. These components can include station equipment (e.g., telephones, data terminals, video equipment, and computers). Included within the work area is the cabling that routes from this station equipment to the telecommunications outlet/connector. The patch cord that connects the telecommunications outlet/connector to the station equipment is part of the SCS.

Consolidation Point
A CP is a location for interconnection between the permanently installed horizontal cables extending from the HC (FD) in the TR and the horizontal cables extending to the telecommunications outlet/connectors or MUTOAs.
The CP is not a user interface. The CP provides a convenient method for rearrangement of horizontal cabling that may be employed in furniture system layouts.

Consolidation Point
Consolidation and Transition Points Horizontal cabling systems may not contain more than one CP or one TP in a horizontal cabling run. CP and TP connectors must meet the performance and reliability requirements specified in applicable standards.

Consolidation Point
Consolidation and Transition Points Horizontal cabling systems may not contain more than one CP or one TP in a horizontal cabling run. CP and TP connectors must meet the performance and reliability requirements specified in applicable standards.

MUTOA Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly
A MUTOA is a specialized telecommunications outlet assembly located in work area clusters. MUTOAs are suitable for use in open office spaces that are frequently reconfigured. A MUTOA allows horizontal cabling to remain intact when the open office plan is changed. Multiple work areas are served by one or more MUTOAs. Work area equipment is directly connected to the MUTOA by work area cables. Work area cables are typically routed from the MUTOA through the work area pathways (e.g., furniture pathways). Horizontal cables extend from the MUTOA to the HC (FD) in the TR using horizontal pathways

MUTOA Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly

Centralized Cabling
Single-tenant users of high performance optical fiber may implement data networks with centralized electronics versus distributed electronics in the building. Centralized optical fiber cabling is designed as an alternative to the optical cross-connection located in the TR, (i.e., when deploying multimode optical fiber cable in the horizontal in support of the centralized electronics). Centralized cabling provides connections in the work areas to be centralized cross-connect by allowing the use of pull-through cables, an interconnect, or a splice in the TR

Centralized Cabling

Administration of Structured Cabling
This section offers four different classes of administration based on the size and complexity of the infrastructure being administered. Classes are scalable and allow expansion without requiring changes to existing identifiers or labels. Determination of Class Class 1 administration addresses the needs of premises served by a single equipment room (ER). This ER is the only telecommunications space administered, but there are no telecommunications rooms (TRs), backbone cabling, or outside plant (OSP) cabling systems to administer. Class 2 administration addresses infrastructure with one or more telecommunications spaces in a single building. Class 3 administration addresses infrastructure with multiple buildings at a single site (e.g., a campus environment). Class 4 administration addresses infrastructure with multiple sites or campuses



Topologies
An item's topology refers to its features, shape, or physical appearance (e.g., a topological map represents the physical appearance of the area shown). Topologies can have physical and/or logical configurations. In many ways, a standard cabling plan's topology is the same it is representative of the plan's features and physical appearance. Within the context of LANs, the word topology takes on a dual meaning. Both aspects are important to how the LAN will function. First, topology refers to the physical appearance of the LAN. This is known as the physical topology. Second, topology refers to how the LAN functions. This logical topology is determined by how the messages are transmitted from device to device. There are three fundamental physical topologies star, bus, and ring. From these three, a number of hybrid topologies have developed, including tree, star-wired ring, clustered star, and hierarchical star.

Topologies
Star Topology In a star topology, the hub or switch is placed in the physical, as well as logical, center of the network. The remaining network devices are connected to this central hub like the points on a star.

Topologies
Bus Topology A bus topology is a linear configuration, which places all of the network devices on one length of cable, similar to stops on a city bus route. The hubs, server, stations, and peripheral devices all use the same continuous length of cabling

Topologies
Ring Topology A ring topology places all of the network devices in a circle (see Figure 2.15). It uses one cable to connect all devices. Each device is connected to the next one. The last device is connected to the first closing the circle.

Topologies
Hybrid topologies resulted from a need to meet specific requirements or technological advancements. While there are many variations of the three topologies discussed above, certain hybrids are more popular than others. Tree Topology The tree topology is an extension of the bus topology. By adding cable extensions to the basic bus topology, a larger network can be achieved using less cable. Each additional cable extends from the underlying bus structure and supports multiple network devices along its length.

Topologies

Topologies
Hierarchical Star Topology A hierarchical star topology is an extension of the star topology (see Figure 2.17). In this configuration, departmental network devices are connected to a hub or switch as in a star topology. These hubs or switches are then connected to each other via a central hub, following a star configuration. This is the recommended topology for structured cabling backbone systems in buildings and in campus environments.

Telecommunications Spaces
Telecommunications spaces are the rooms and areas where telecommunications cabling systems are terminated and telecommunications equipment is installed. This section defines guidelines for the following telecommunications spaces: Entrance facilities (EFs) Equipment rooms (ERs) Telecommunications rooms (TRs) Telecommunications enclosure (TE)

Entrance Facility The EF includes the cabling components needed to provide a means to connect the outside service facilities to the premises cabling. This can include the following: Service entrance pathways Cables Connecting hardware Primary (electrical) protection devices Transition hardware The service provider (SP) is generally responsible for the installation of the items listed above to a specified demarcation point (DP), which is the interface between the SP's facility and the customer.

Entrance Facility The EF depends on the: Type of entry being used. Route for the facility. Building architecture. Aesthetic considerations. There are several principal types of entrance pathways to EFs: Underground Tunnel Buried Aerial Wireless

Entrance Facility Underground Entrance An underground entrance uses conduit or other types of mechanical pathways to provide out of-sight service to a building

Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility
Underground Entrance An underground entrance uses conduit or other types of mechanical pathways to provide out of-sight service to a building.
The pathway for an underground service: Is usually provided by the building owner from the building to the property line (i.e., or to another customer-owned building on the same property). Runs from the building entrance location to a pole, pedestal, or maintenance hole (MH) provided and maintained by the SP.

Tunnels In some situations, utility tunnels (either new or existing) are the only means available to provide service into or throughout a building. For large, new projects, tunnels require extensive advanced planning and cooperation among all involved utilities, the customer, municipal planning boards, and environmental groups. The following considerations are particularly critical: Routing Safety Sizing Facility protection Rights-of-way Cost Smaller tunnels may also be found in buildings where no full basement or crawl space exists

Buried Entrance A buried entrance (trenched or plowed) is a means of providing out-ofsight service to a building without conduit.
The trench: Is usually provided by the building owner from the building to the property line (i.e., or to another customer-owned building on the same property). Runs from the building entrance location to a pole, pedestal, or MH. From here, the SP takes it to a pole or MH in the provider's system. Requires a sleeve or entrance conduit through the perimeter wall

Aerial Entrance Aerial entrance is another means of providing service to a building.
Aerial refers to cables placed overhead. The advantages of aerial entrances are that they: Usually provide the lowest cabling installation cost. Are readily accessible for maintenance.

Wireless Entrance The use of an antenna(s) for wireless entrance may be an alternate or redundant entrance facility to a building. The type of antenna(s) and line-of-site requirements will be dictated by the services that need to be supported. Local building and electrical codes and manufacturer's specifications must be followed.

Equipment Rooms (ER)
An ER is a special-purpose room that provides space and maintains a suitable operating environment for large telecommunications equipment. ERs are generally considered to serve an entire building (or even a campus), whereas a TR serves one floor of a building or a portion of a floor. ERs are sometimes referred to as main TRs. An ER should: Provide for termination and cross-connection of backbone and horizontal cables. Provide work space for service personnel. Be designed according to specific requirements associated with the cost, size, growth, and complexity of the equipment. Serve as a portion of an EF or as a horizontal cross-connect. House large pieces of common control equipment (e.g., voice, data, video, fire alarm, energy management, or intrusiondetection equipment).

Equipment Rooms (ER)

Telecommunications Rooms (TR) TRs differ from ERs and EFs in that they are generally considered to be floor serving as opposed to building serving facilities.
Telecommunications Rooms: Serve as a point of termination for horizontal and backbone cables on compatible connecting hardware. House the horizontal cross-connect (HC [floor distributor (FD)])-A collective reference for the connecting hardware, jumpers, and patch cords used for completing cross-connection and/or interconnection of horizontal and backbone cable terminations. May contain intermediate cross-connect (IC [building distributor (BD)]) points for different parts of the backbone cabling system. Provide a controlled environment for the telecommunications equipment, connecting hardware, and splice closures. Consider the following in planning TRs: The size of the building, the usable floor space served, the occupant needs, and the telecommunications service to be used The need to optimize the ability of the TR to accommodate change Lighting, air conditioning, floor loading, electrical, and spacing requirements

Pathways Support Structures This section describes supporting structures and associated hardware that may be required in an information transport system (ITS) cabling installation project. It provides an overview of the methods necessary to properly plan, design, and install cable support structures in telecommunications spaces and pathways. Telecommunications spaces and pathways must have the proper cable support structures to make the installation function properly. Proper cable support: Assures that certain local building and electrical code requirements will be met. Accommodates future retrofits and new technologies. May provide electromagnetic interference (EMI) protection.

Pathways Support Structures

EMI Considerations Special considerations should be given to the effects of EMI on ITS cabling for any support structures installed. Table 2.4 provides recommended separation distances between power circuits exceeding 5 kilovolt-ampere (kVA) and telecommunications cabling

Support Structures Telecommunications spaces provide a location for the placement and ongoing support of ITS cabling and equipment. These spaces must be specifically designed to serve this function and be equipped with adequate floor space, lighting, power, access (e.g., ingress, egress), and environmental support. Four common terms used to describe these telecommunications spaces are: Equipment room (ER). Telecommunications room (TR). Entrance facility (EF). Telecommunications enclosure (TE).

Room Layout
It is recommended that TRs have 19 mm (3/4 in) thick, fireretardant plywood backboards installed on at least two walls of the TR. The plywood provides a structure on which to mount connecting hardware and secure cables and equipment. A 300 mm (12 in) wide cable tray should be mounted on the same wall(s) as the backboard. If possible, mount the plywood and cable fray or ladder rack on all walls of a telecommunications space to facilitate growth. Always ensure that appropriate clearances are maintained around all pieces of equipment. In the absence of a specified distance, plan for a minimum of 1 m (3.3 ft) work and aisle space between and around equipment. If a TR layout is not provided, prepare one for approval before beginning work.

Typical TR Layout

Typical TR Backboard Layout

Room Layout
Plywood backboards are mounted on walls in the ERs and TRs. Plywood is available in two types (interior and exterior) and in four grades (A, B, C, and D). Sheets of plywood are normally sized 1.2 m (4 ft) wide by 2.4 (8 ft) high. Appropriate thicknesses are readily available in a range of 19 nun (3/4 in) through 32 mm (1.25 in). The recommended thickness is 19 mm (3/4 in). Plywood that is too thin does not offer enough strength to ensure that mounted hardware is securely anchored. Plywood sheets thicker than 25 mm (1 in) are not usually required. Thickness is contingent on properly attaching the sheet of plywood to the building structure and the need to recess the heads of the mounting hardware.

Room Layout
Grading of a sheet of plywood may result in a different grade for each of the two sides. For instance, a sheet of plywood could be graded A/B; one side is A, and the reverse side is B. The finishing grade of plywood (A, B, C, or D) describes the quality of the surface (e.g., degree of knotholes or blemishes), as follows: Grade A is the highest grade and is without any surface blemishes. Grade B has the knotholes cut out and replaced with a patch of clean wood. Grade C contains some blemishes and an occasional small knothole. Grade D contains knotholes without any repair or corrective action by the manufacturer.

Cable Support Systems Layout If possible, install plywood backboards around the entire perimeter of the TR. This will enhance the use of the wall space in the TR and allow cables to be installed around the walls where terminal equipment will be located. It will facilitate attaching cables that pass through vertically to TRs located on floors above or below.

Cable Support Systems Ladder Racks and Cable Trays In the example that follows, a ladder rack or cable tray is installed from one wall to another in a TR (see Figure 2.27). Seismic bracing requirements should be considered during installation.

Cable Support Systems
Ladder Racks and Cable Trays Where several large backbone cables are passing vertically through the room, a vertical cable tray or ladder rack should be appropriately positioned to support the cables from ceiling to floor level

Cable Support Systems Distribution Rings (D-Rings) D-rings are used to support small bundles of cables and cross-connections as they route from one termination point on the plywood backboard to another. D-rings are available in many sizes, shapes, materials, and colors. D-rings are manufactured in metal (aluminum) and plastic and are formed in the shape of the letter D. A half D-ring is available in both metal and plastic. The half D-ring is used to provide support and management primarily where cross-connect jumpers turn at a 90-degree angle.

Conduits Conduits are raceways of circular cross-sections that house backbone cables and horizontal cables. Conduits that enter a TR should be terminated at specific locations on the wall to enable orderly routing of the cables to termination equipment in the TR or routed through the TR to another location. Ream metallic conduit ends and install bushings. It is especially important to use sweep preserve elbows when dealing with optical fiber cables or large backbone cables. These elbows preserve the cable bend radius. Severe bending can result in cable damage. It is especially important to adhere to a minimum conduit bend radius of not less than 10 times the trade size diameter of the conduit (i.e., 50 mm [2 in]) or larger. Metallic conduits must be grounded. Label each conduit for identification.

Cable Support Systems Conduits Conduits should be physically attached to the top of the plywood backboard using channel stock and conduit brackets when entering from overhead. When conduit enters from below grade, the floor cement slab or building structure is usually enough support to provide for a fixed installation without the use of channel stock. The ITS designer's drawings should indicate the location of each conduit and where it terminates in the TR.

Cable Support Systems Equipment Racks Equipment racks, sometimes referred to as relay racks, equipment bays, rack frames, and network racks allow the installation of network components, cable terminations, and support equipment in standard vertical supports. Equipment racks are metal frames usually providing a large number of vertically arranged, closely spaced, mounting holes. Normal height for these racks is 2.1 m (7 ft).

Common Rack Installation Issues Floor- or wall-mounted racks and cabinets all have common installation and setup issues. These include: Attachment. Bracing. Design layout. Cable routing

Cable Support Systems Attachment Floor-mounted racks and cabinets must be securely mounted to the floor with expansion anchors, and bolts with both flat and lock washers. This will require a concrete bit with hammer drill and a vacuum to clear the hole for the anchoring device. It will generally require the use of a socket set and screwdrivers to complete the assembly and setup of an equipment rack. A fully loaded wall-mounted rack can put a significant strain on a building's structure and must be attached to material that can support the planned load (e.g., rack, cable, and all other equipment). Simple metal or wooden studs may not be sufficient to support the weight, and the placement should be verified with the architect, engineer, general contractor, or owner.

Bracing The top of the floor-mounted rack must be supported to the: Wall. Support barrier. Cable tray. Ladder rack. NOTE: In some geographical areas, seismic bracing may be required

Pathway Support Structures This section describes the support structures and hardware associated with backbone and horizontal pathways. A backbone pathway is the portion of the pathway system that permits the placement of backbone cables between the entrance location and all cross-connect points within the building. A horizontal pathway is the portion of the pathway system between the horizontal cross-connect (HC [floor distributor (FD)]) in the TR and the telecommunications outlet/connector. When installing cable pathways, it is important to ensure that the route is verified prior to actually installing the support structures. Fire- and smoke-rated barriers may have to be penetrated and they must be replaced in compliance with codes, standards, and regulations.

Pathway Support Structures Conduit Conduit is primarily used for backbone pathways but may also be used as a horizontal pathway. Materials The types of conduit generally used inside commercial buildings today are: Electrical metallic tubing (EMT). Intermediate metal conduit (IMC). Rigid metal conduit (RMC). Flexible metal conduit (FMC). Flexible metallic tubing (FMT). Rigid nonmetallic conduit (RNC). Electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT). Others permitted by the appropriate electrical codes.

Pathway Support Structures
Unsuitable Conduit IMPORTANT: Flexible conduit (e.g., as metal flex conduit) is not recommended for use with telecommunication cables because of the disadvantages explained below. During cable pulling, flexible conduit tends to: Creep. Shift. Cause sheath damage to the cable. Use flexible conduit only in situations where it is the only alternative

Ladder Racks and Cable Trays
Materials Ladder racks and cable trays are available in many sizes and configurations. Some are solid bar stock; others are tubular; while some are manufactured from solid round wire stock. There are enclosed and open cable trays. Ladder racks and cable trays are manufactured from steel and aluminum. Typically, cable trays provide a pathway to house and support cables installed between TRs and from TRs to work areas. They are used to support cables from one wall to another within a TR or ER.


Wall brackets can support a ladder rack. Wall brackets are first installed on a wall along the route of the ladder rack. The number of brackets and specific spacing interval is dependent upon the load the ladder rack must support. Prior to installing the wall brackets, install properly sized anchors in order to support the load of the ladder rack and the installed cables. The ladder rack should be designed and installed to support additional cabling beyond the initial requirements.

Surface Mounted Raceway
Surface-mounted raceway is installed on the surface of walls, ceilings, floors, modular furniture panels, and modular furniture. It is available in both metallic and nonmetallic versions. Metallic surface raceway should be grounded and bonded. Some national or local codes and regulations may require grounding and bonding of metallic surface raceway when used for power or low-voltage wiring.

Surface Mounted Raceway Metallic Surface Raceway This type of raceway is available in many sizes and configurations. This raceway is available in two sections a base and a cover. The base is installed on the wall surface using fasteners. The cabling is installed and then the cover is installed over the top of the cabling. Typically, the cover is held in place by snapping it over the base. Some metallic surface raceways include bend radius control to ensure compliance with minimum bend radius requirements of telecommunications cables. Secure metallic raceway systems are also available in which the covers slide onto the bases at access points consisting of lockable surface boxes. The covers cannot be removed without access to the boxes.

Surface Mounted Raceway Nonmetallic Surface Raceway Like metallic raceway, it is available in many sizes and configurations. Two types of nonmetallic raceway are available: One does not feature bend radius fittings One features bend radius fittings
The primary difference between the two is typically demonstrated in the elbows and fittings used for coupling sections of the raceway together. Nonmetallic raceways, being nonconductive, prevent most of the problems associated with grounding and bonding of pathway components.

Surface Mounted Raceway Surface-mount boxes are available in a wide variety of shapes and styles. They are available typically in shallow, standard, and deep versions. These surface-mount boxes are available in a range of colors. Most manufacturers offer special colors at additional cost. In most instances, these special orders require additional lead-time for delivery. Some manufacturers allow the boxes to be painted after installation. These surface-mount boxes are available with or without adhesive backing. If adhesive backs are used on a project, be aware that some of the adhesive backing will not fully adhere to all types of wall finishes. The backing will hold for a limited time, after which the surface-mount box is anticipated to fall off the surface to which it was attached. This may necessitate use of an additional adhesive, anchors and screws, or some other type of fastener to ensure the stability of the installation

Installing Cabling Support Systems Proper support structures are critically important for the implementation of a cabling system. Cable support systems include the following: Cable trays and associated support hardware Ladder racks and associated support hardware Enclosed cabling pathways and associated support hardware Plywood backboards, clamps, rings, and/or hangers Conduits and associated hardware Open-top noncontinuous cable supports (J-hooks)

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Structured Cabling Systems

Pathways and Spaces

ITS Installation Manual

ITS Installation Manual

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Figure 2.5 Unshielded twisted-pair cable

Figure 2.6 Shielded twisted-pair cable

Figure 2.7 Screened twisted-pair cable

Figure 2.8 Optical fiber cable

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MUTOA Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly

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MUTOA Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assembly

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Administration of Structured Cabling

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Administration of Structured Cabling

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Administration of Structured Cabling

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Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility

ITS Installation Manual

Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility

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Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility

ITS Installation Manual

Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility

Aerial Entrance Aerial entrance is another means of providing service to a building.

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Telecommunications Spaces - Entrance Facility

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Equipment Rooms (ER)

ITS Installation Manual

Equipment Rooms (ER)