Engineering Materials

1. Metals (Ferrous alloys, Non-ferrous alloys)

2. Polymer (Natural, Thermoplastics,
Thermosets)
3. Elastomer/Rubber (Natural, Syntetic)
4. Ceramics (Natural, Constructional,
Electronics, Engineering)
5. Glasses
6. Composites (MMC, CMC,PMC)
• Ferrous alloys = cast iron, carbon steels, alloy steels
• Non-ferrous alloys = light & heavy alloys, refractory
• Natural = cellulose & protein based
• Thermoplastics = partially crystalline, amorphous
• Thermosets = rubbers/elastomeer, epoxy
• Natural Ceramics = rocks
• Constructional = porcelain, stoneware, earthware
• Electronics = semiconductors, ferrites
• Engineering Ceramics = alumina, carbides, nitrides,
zirconia
• Glasses = soda, borosilicates, pyroceramics
• Composites = natural, fibre, particulate, dispersion
• Cast iron (grey, white, malleable, nodular)
• Carbon steel (low, medium, high)
• Alloys steel (low alloys, high alloys, tool, stainless)
• Light alloys (zinc, aluminum, magnesium, titanium)
• Heavy alloys (copper, brasses, bronzes, lead, nickel)
• Refractory metals (tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum)
• Precious metals (gold, silver, platinum)
• Partially crystalline (acetals, acrylic, vinyls, polyamides,
polyathenes, polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene,
polycarbonate, polyesters, polyurethane, fluoroplastics, nylon,
ABS, etc.)
• Amorphous (PVC, polycarbonates, polysterenes)
• Epoxy (phenolics, polyesters, aminos)
• Rubbers (natural, nitrile, butyl, styrene, silicones)
• Composites (natural, fiber, particulate, dispersion)
Metals
• High modulli (E)
• Can be made stronger by: alloying, heat
or mechanical treatment
• Easy to deform, specially in elevated
temperature
• Poor resistance to corrosion
• Good electrical & thermal conductivity
Polymer & Elastomer
• Low modulli
• Large elastic deflection
• Creep at room temperature
• Resistance to corrosion
Ceramics & Glasses
• High modulli
• Hard
• Brittle
• Strong
• Low density
• Resistance to corrosion & abrasion
• Low electrical & thermal conductivity
Composites
• Depends on the type of composites
• Can be low density
• Can be strong & stiff
• Can be tough
Properties, Symbols & Unit
• Density : ρ Kg/m3 , g/cm3
• Elastic Modulli : E, G, KGpa
• Strength : σy, σu, σb MPa
• Fracture toughness : K1C MPa.m0.5
• Hardness : BHN, VHN, dll.
• Thermal conductivity : λ, k W / (m K)
• Thermal diffusivity : a m2/s
• Specific heat : Cp J /(kg K)
• Meltng point : Tm o K
• Thermal exp. coeff. : α K-1
Elastic Modulli
• Young Modulus (E) : describes tension or compression
• Shear Modulus (G) : describes shear
• Bulk Modulus (K) : describes treeaxial stress, the effect of
hydrostatic pressure
• Poisson’s Ratio (ν) : negative ratio of the lateral strain to the axial
strain in axial loading

G = 3/8 E
K≈E
ν = 0.25  0.35
K1C = Y σ √π c
Y = geometry factor
   E
E G G
  2(1  )
Hardness
Methode:

• Vickers
• Rockwell
• Brinell
• Knoop
• Ames
• Shore
Thermal conductivity k= W/(m K)
Is a measure of the rate at which the heat is transfered through a
material
Thermal diffusivity a = m2/s
Is a thermal conductivity devided by the product of specific heat and
density
Specific heat J /(kg K)
Is the energy requires to raise the temperature of one gram of a
material by one degree Celcius
Melting point K o

Is a temperature at which a solid begins to liquefy

Glass temperature : Tg o
K
A property of non-crystalline solids  transition from true solid to
very viscous liquid
Thermal expansion coeficient :α
Expansion of the unit length per degree rise in temperature
Thermal shock resistance
The maximum temperature difference through which a material can
be quenched suddenly without damage
Creep
Time dependent deformation which occurs when material are located
above 1/3 of Tm or 2/3 of Tg
Comparison of Toughness and Strength
Material Yield Strength K1c
(Mpa) (Mpa m0.5)
Medium Carbon Steel 260 54
Aluminium Alloy T2024 455 24
Titanium Alloy Ti-6A1-4V 830 55
Plastic, Polycarbonate 63 3.3
Ceramic, Al2O3 262 4.5