Difference B\w

X86 & Y86 Processors

Presented By : Muhammad Talha Yasin (Cu-1141-2020A)

 X86
01 Processor
/x86 Architecture

• x86 is a family of instruction set architectures[a] initially developed by Intel

based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor and its 8088 variant.

• The 8086 was introduced in 1978 as a fully 16-bit extension of Intel's 8-bit
8080 microprocessor, with memory segmentation as a solution for addressing more
memory than can be covered by a plain 16-bit address.

• The term "x86" came into being because the names of several successors to Intel's
8086 processor end in "86", including the 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486
processors.
/x86 Architecture

• In the 1980s and early 1990s, when the 8088 and 80286 were still in common
use, the term x86 usually represented any 8086-compatible CPU.
• Today, however, x86 usually implies a binary compatibility also with the 32-
bit instruction set of the 80386.
• This is due to the fact that this instruction set has become something of a
lowest common denominator for many modern operating systems and probably
also because the term became common after the introduction of the 80386 in
1985.A few years after the introduction of the 8086 and 8088, Intel added some
complexity to its naming scheme and terminology as the "iAPX" of the ambitious
but ill-fated Intel iAPX 432 processor was tried on the more successful 8086
family of chips, applied as a kind of system-level prefix.
/x86 Architecture

• Although the 8086 was primarily developed for embedded systems and small
multi-user or single-user computers, largely as a response to the successful 8080-
compatible Zilog Z80,[9] the x86 line soon grew in features and processing
power.
• Today, x86 is ubiquitous in both stationary and portable personal computers, and
is also used in midrange computers, workstations, servers, and most new
supercomputer clusters of the TOP500 list.
• A large amount of software, including a large list of x86 operating systems are
using x86-based hardware.
• Designed in 1978, x86 architecture was one of the first ISAs for
microprocessor-based computing.

• Additionally, other microprocessor manufacturers, like AMD and VIA

Technologies, have adopted the x86 architecture.
/x86 Architecture

• Modern x86 is relatively uncommon in embedded systems, however, and small

low power applications (using tiny batteries), and low-cost microprocessor
markets, such as home appliances and toys, lack significant x86 presence.[h]
Simple 8- and 16-bit based architectures are common here, although the x86-
compatible VIA C7, VIA Nano, AMD's Geode, Athlon Neo and Intel Atom are
examples of 32- and 64-bit designs used in some relatively low-power and low-
cost segments.
• The term is not synonymous with IBM PC compatibility, as this implies a
multitude of other computer hardware.

• Embedded systems and general-purpose computers used x86 chips before the PC-
compatible market started, some of them before the IBM PC (1981) debut.
 Y86
02 Processor
/Y86 Architecture

• The Y86 instruction-set architecture is not intended to be a full

processor implementation, but rather to provide the starting point for a working
model of how microprocessors are designed and implemented, and, so, the
architecture is quite simple.
• In the Y86 instruction-set architecture, instruction encoding results
in instructions that are between 1 and 6 bytes long, depending on which
instruction fields are required.
• Instructions consists of an initial byte, identifying the instruction, an
optional register specifier byte, and an option four-byte constant word.
• In the instruction encoding, integers have a little-endian encoding, where
bytes appear in reverse order.
/Y86 Architecture

● Y86 Instruction Set Architecture

● Similar state and instructions as IA32
● Simpler encodings
● Somewhere between CISC and RISC
● How Important is ISA Design?
● Less now than before
● With enough hardware, can make almost anything go fast
● Intel has evolved from IA32 to x86-64
● Uses 64-bit words (including addresses)
● Adopted some features found in RISC
● More registers (16)
● Less reliance on stack
/Y86 Instructions

● • Format
● • 1–6 bytes of information read from memory
● • Can determine instruction length from first byte
● • Not as many instruction types, and simpler encoding than with
● IA32
● • Each accesses and modifies some part(s) of the program state
Encoding Registers

● • Each register has 4-bit ID

● • Same encoding as in IA32
● • Register ID 15 (0xF) indicates “no register”
● • Will use this in our hardware design in multiple places
Main Difference in X86 & Y86

The Y86 is a “toy” machine that is similar to the x86 but much
simpler. It is a gentler introduction to assembly level programming
than the x86.

● just a few instructions as opposed

● to hundreds for the x86;
● fewer addressing modes;
● simpler system state;
● absolute addressing.

Everything you learn about the Y86 will apply to the x86 with very
little modification.
Thank You!
Any Question?