Instrumentation and Sensors

Jatinkumar Dhirajlal Chaudhari

Assistant Professor(EC),
GEC, Bharuch
 Instrumentation and Sensors

 Types of Instrumentation
1. Electronics Instrumentation
2. Electrical Instrumentation
3. Industrial Instrumentation
4. Mechanical Instrumentation

 Sensor Specifics
1. Permanent Installation
2. Temporary Installation
 Electronics Instrumentation

 An Electronic Instrumentation is the one which is based on electronic principles

for its measurement function. The measurement of any electronic quantity or
variable is termed as an Electronics Instrumentation

 Electronic Instruments use semiconductor devices.

 Most of the scientific and industrial instrumentation require very fast response.
Such requirements cannot be met with by mechanical and electrical instruments.

 In electronic device, since the only movement involved is that of electrons, the
response time is extremely small owing to very small inertia of the electrons.
Advantages of Electronics Instrumentation

 Electronic Circuits can detect and amplify very weak signals and can measure the
events of short duration as well
 The measured signals can be transmitted over long distances with the help of
cables or radio links without any loss of information
 The measurement can easily be obtained in or converted into digital form for
automatic analysis and recording.
 Non-contact measurement are possible.
 Electronic measurement makes possible to build analog and digital signal are very
much required in computers. The modern development in science and technology
are totally based on computers.
 With the use of electronic device, a very weak signal can be detected by using
pre-amplifier and amplifier.
 Compact in size and more reliable in operation.
 Greater flexibility
 Electrical Instrumentation

 Electrical Instruments, when the pointer deflection is caused by the action of

some electrical methods then it is called on electrical instrument.

 Time of operation of an electrical instrument is more rapid that that of a

mechanical instrument but slower that electronics instruments but
unfortunately electrical instrument systems is normally depends upon
mechanical instrument as an indicating device.

 This mechanical movement has some inertia due to which the frequency
response of these instruments is poor.
 Industrial Instrumentation
 The process of measuring and controlling various quantities in industries by
utilizing various industrial instruments is called as industrial instrumentation.
 Common quantities used in industries and which are considered for
measurement include fluid pressure, fluid flow rate, temp of a device,
volume of fluid, motion or position or physical dimensions or acceleration of
motion, electrical current & voltage and electrical resistance.
 For controlling any quantity, First you have to measure that quantity, after
measuring the desired quantity, the measured values are transmitted for
indication or computation or controlling purpose either with manual operation
or automatic operation.
 Most of the industries are automated for ease of operation for this purpose;
the microcontroller and microprocessors are required for programmable
switching. For example, in many industries the industrial power schedule is
automated using embedded system.
 In industries there are many data which we have to control of monitor like
temp, level, pressure, flow and many more, so to measure those data what
we use is known as industrial instrumentation.
 Mechanical Instrumentation

 Mechanical Instruments are very reliable for static and stable conditions.
 They are unable to respond rapidly to the measurement of dynamic and
transient condition due to the fact that they have moving parts that are rigid,
heavy and bulky and consequently have a large mass.
 Mechanical Instrumentation

Advantages Disadvantages
 No External Power supply required  PoorFrequency response to transient and
 Simple in design dynamic measurements.
 Large force required to overcome
 Easy to use
mechanical friction
 More durable due to rugged construction
 Not possible remote indication & control
 Relatively cheaper in cost
 Cause noise pollution
 Reliableand accurate for measurement of
stable and time invariant quantity
 Sensor Specifics
Permanent Installation Temporary Installation

Permanent Installation of sensors

 Sensors which are installed on permanent bases which gives us long term
data to monitor and controlling structure with help of continuously data
displayed unit that is known as permanent installed sensors.

 Permanently installed sensors play an important role in the success of any

reliability program.

 Monitoring is essential for achieving maximum plant service life. To help

ensure long plant service life, it is important to determine the condition of
structure during construction.

 To properly manage civil infrastructure, its condition , or serviceability,

many variables need to be monitored and controlled permanently.
 Permanent Installation of Sensors

 Measurement and proper data processing are expected to give a reasonable

assessment of serviceability that can then be improved based on
assessment.

 The physical state of a structural system, for example, applied load,

vibration level and existence of structural damage, is among the factors
that determine severability.

 Sensing physical quantities in detail offer the potential to better estimate

structural conditions.
Advantages of Permanent Installation of Sensors

 Reduction in maintenance cost

 Increase quality of work

 Reduction in unscheduled plant downtime

 Intelligent Transportation Systems make use of traffic surveillance information to

efficiently manage the transportation system.

 The urgent Earthquake Detection and alarm system (Nakamura, 2004) detects
primary seismic waves and stops train before severe secondary waves approach.

 Tunnels are monitored for traffic accident and air quality.

 Precipitation rate and ground water level are important indicators to predict slope
failure. Strain and temperature measurement can be utilized to monitor concrete
gravity or arch dams.
Advantages of Permanent Installation of Sensors

 For river bank protection, for instance, water level may be monitored and the
associated load estimated.

 The ability to continuously monitor the integrity and control the response of
structures in real time can provide for increased safety to public, particularly with
regards to the aging structures in widespread use today.

 To effectively investigate both local and global damage criteria, group of sensors is
anticipated as requirement for large civil engineering structures.
 Three Time of Maintenance needed
in
Permanent Installation of Sensors
 Run time failure maintenance

 Preventive maintenance:- It is a process where a machine, or parts of a machine

are checked on regular basis regardless of the condition of the parts, So we can
prevent failure or breakdown of plan

 Predictive maintenance:- It is a process of maintenance that measure the

performance and condition of equipment of in-service equipment during normal
operation to identify any faults developing. It provides cost saving and better
reliability over routine or time-based preventive maintenance.
 Precaution must be taken during
permanent installation
 Installation must be done in good weather, not wet, freezing, or hot conditions.

 The sensors must be flush with the road surface.

 The top of the sensor must be separate from the road surface

 The equipment must be protected from water and dust.

 The equipment cabinet must protect the system electronics from extrema
temperature, dust, humidity, and insect and rodent infestation.

 The equipment must be protected from lightning and power surges.

 The equipment must be installed so that routine maintenance can occur without
disruption of data collection.
 Temporary Installation of Sensors

 Sensors which are installed on temporary bases which gives us instant information
or data to monitor and controlling structure with help of readout unit that is
known as temporary installed sensors.

 Ability to detect damage at an early stage, can reduce the costs and down-time
associated with repair of critical damage.

 It also provide basic data for design improvement that will promote safer and
more economical design and construction.

 An inclinometer is a sensor used to measure the magnitude of the inclination or

deformation of any structure.
 Example of Temporary Installation

 Piezometers are the geotechnical sensors that used to measure pore water
pressure (piezometric level) in the ground.

 An LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) is an electromechanical sensors

used for measuring linear displacement.

 A strain gauge is a device used to measure strain due to applied force on an

object.

 A tiltmeter is a sensitive inclinometer used for monitoring very small change in

the inclination of a structure.

 Temperature sensors, in civil engineering structure are subject to the

environmental change and therefore it is necessary to measure the temperature
that affects physical properties of structures to some extent.
 Tutorial-1
 What is strain gauge? & explain load cell. (CO-2)

 List various physical variable (CO-3)

 What is measurement & instrumentation? & Explain the elements of measurement systems.
(CO-3)

 What is sensor? List out various type of sensor with their use. (CO-2)

 Explain types of instrumentation.

 List of various Temperature sensor and explain one of them.