GLOBALIZATION

LESSON 1
Mr. Jherome Sarona, LPT
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION???
 Greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence
among national institutions and economies. (Wild\Wil\Han).
 It is the process of trade, communication, and cultural exchange in which it
promotes wealth of all nations that increase growth in the economy.
 A term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that
are the result of dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange.
 Globalization is a word used to describe the growing interdependence of the
world’s economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross border
trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and
information.
GLOBALIZATION HAS VARIOUS ASPECTS
WHICH AFFECT THE WORLD IN
SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS. THESE
ASPECTS INCLUDE:
 Industrial globalization – development of worldwide production markets and
broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies
involving particularly movement of material and goods between and within
national boundaries.
 Financial globalization – development of worldwide financial markets and
better economy
 Economic globalization – establishment of a global common market, based on
the freedom of exchange of goods and capital.
 Political globalization - creation of international organizations to regulate the
relationships among governments and to guarantee the rights arising from
social and economic globalization.
GLOBALIZATION HAS VARIOUS ASPECTS
WHICH AFFECT THE WORLD IN
SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS. THESE
ASPECTS INCLUDE:
 Informational globalization – increase in information flows
between geographically remote locations. (This can also be seen as
a technological change related to the advent of fibre optic
communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone
and Internet.)
 Cultural globalization - sharing of ideas, attitudes and values
across national borders. This sharing generally leads to an
interconnectedness and interaction between peoples of diverse
cultures and ways of life. Mass media and communication
technologies are the primary instruments for cultural globalization.
ELEMENTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
Anderson and VAN Wincoop (2002) enumerated the different elements of globalization:
1. Trade Agreements- bilateral, regional or multilateral economic arrangements designed to
reduce or eliminate trade barriers.
2. Capital Flow- measurement of increase or decrease in a nation’s domestic or foreign assets.
3. Migration Patterns- impact of labor market fluidity on production costs through the loss
(emigration) or gain (immigration) of potential workers especially those with particular
skills.
4. Information Transfer- communication trend that helps mitigate the asymmetric
functioning of markets and economies.
5. Spread Technology- rapid diversion of the means and methods of producing goods and
services.
TRENDS IN GLOBALIZATION

There are several major trends pertaining to globalization

which consists of demographic, scientific, governance, and
economic interdependence (Nye and Donahue, 2002).
 Population trends;
 Science and technology;
 Increasing integration and interdependence; and
 Governance.
INTERNALIZATION,
GLOBALIZATION, AND GLOBALISM
A. Internalization
 refers to the increasing importance of international trade,
international relations, treaties, alliances, etc. International
means between or among nations, even as relations among
nations become increasingly necessary and important.
INTERNALIZATION,
GLOBALIZATION, AND GLOBALISM
B. Globalization
 refers to global economic integration of many formerly
national economies into one global economy., mainly by
free trade and free capital mobility, but also easy or
uncontrolled migration.
INTERNALIZATION,
GLOBALIZATION, AND GLOBALISM
C. Globalism
Keohane and Nye, Jr. defined globalism as s state of
the world involving networks of interdependence at
multi-continental distances.
INTERNALIZATION,
GLOBALIZATION, AND GLOBALISM
Two (2) special characteristics of globalism:
1. Globalism refers to networks of connection
(multiple relationships), not simply to simple
linkages.
2. Globalism doesn’t imply universality.
THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING

THE STRUCTURES
OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
LESSON 2
Kamusta ka?
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOS):

• Trace the origin of global economy;

• Define economic globalization;
• Understand global stratification;
• Explain the theories of global stratification;
• Define the modern world system; and
• Articulate a stance on global economic integration.
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

• A system of trade and industry across the world that has
emerged due to globalization. In other words, the way in which
countries ‘economies have been developing to operate collectively
as one system.
• The origins of a global economy can be traced back to the
expansion of long-distance trade during the period of 1450-1640,
which Wallerstein has labeled the “long sixteenth century”.
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
• It is a historical process, a result of human innovation and
technological process. It refers to the increasing integration of
economies around the world, particularly through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across borders. It may also refer to the
movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across
international borders (IMF, 2008).
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

GLOBAL
STRATIFICATION
• It refers to the hierarchical
arrangements of
individuals and groups in
societies around the
world.
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

Classifying Global Stratification

• According to sociology, the best way to understand global
stratification, is to think of the world composed of categories of
nations, based on their degree of wealth and poverty, their level
of industrialization and economic development, and related
factors.
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The different typologies of global stratification are the following:

THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The different typologies of global stratification are the following:

1. First Typology
• First World – The Western Capitalist democracies of North and
Europe, and certain other nations (Australia, New Zealand and
Japan).
• Second World – Nations belonging to the Soviet Union.
• Third World – All the remaining nations, almost all of them from
Central and South America, Africa and Asia.
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The different typologies of global stratification are the following:

2. Replacement Typology
• Developed
• Developing
• Undeveloped
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

The different typologies of global stratification are the following:

3. Popular Typology
• Wealthy (or high income)
• Middle-income
• Poor or low-income
THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

THEORIES OF GLOBAL STRATIFICATION

• Modernization Theory – According this theory, rich nations
became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the
correct beliefs, values, and practices.
• Dependency Theory – According to this view, the poor nations
never got the chance to pursue economic growth because early on
they were conquered and by European ones.
• World System Theory- This theory states that some nations
become modernized by exploiting other nations.
THANK YOU FOR
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 MARKET
INTEGRATION
LESSON 3
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOS):

• Define market integration;

• Explain the role of the international financial institution in
the creation of a global economy;
• Narrate a short history of global corporations;
• Identify the attributes of global corporations; and
• Explain the role of multinational companies in market
integration.
MARKET INTEGRATION

It is defined as by Koester, (2000), is a state of

affairs or a process of involving attempts to combine
separate national economies into larger economies.
It is a means of stimulating trade and improving the
division of labor between participating countries.
MARKET INTEGRATION

Two Types of Market Integration

• Negative integration – reduces non-tariff and tariff barriers

to trade as main tool for integrating markets.
• Positive integration- adjust domestic policies and
institutions through the creation of supranational
arrangements.
MARKET INTEGRATION

• Five forms of Market Integration (koester, 2000):

1. Preferential Agreement – It involves lower trade barriers between
those countries., which have signed the agreement.
2. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) – Reduces trade barriers among
member countries to zero, but each member still has autonomy in
deciding on the external rate of tariff for its trade with non-member
countries.
MARKET INTEGRATION

• Five forms of Market Integration (koester, 2000):

3. Custom Union- Represents a higher stage of economic integration. In this form, countries
agree to abolish tariff and non-tariff to trade in goods flowing between them. They agree a
common external tariff.
4. Common Market – Free movement of labor and capital within the member-countries. Hence,
the intention of a common market is to integrate both product and factor markets member-
countries.
5. Economic Union – It is the highest form of economic integration. In addition to the conditions
of a common market, member-countries also agree to integrate monetary fiscal, and other
policies.
MARKET INTEGRATION
GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
• These are integral part of economic growth.
• The contemporary global corporation is simultaneously and commonly referred to either as a
multinational corporation (MNC), a transitional corporation (TNC), an international company or a global
company (Steger, Battersby & Siracusa, 2014).
a) Multinational Corporations (MNC) – has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than
its home country. A multinational company generally has offices and/or factories in different countries
and a centralized head office where they coordinate global management.
b) International Companies – are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of their
home country.
c) Global Companies – Have invested in and are present in many countries
d) Transitional Corporations (TNC) – more complex organization, which have invested in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and development
and marketing power to each individual foreign market.
MARKET INTEGRATION

Power of Global Corporations

• Economic control
• Political influence
• Social and cultural influence
• Environmental impact
MARKET INTEGRATION

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS (MNCs)

The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNC)
Lapko (2005) discussed the different role of multinational
corporations:
• MNCs act as modernizers of the world economy;
• Promote efficiency and growth of the world economy;
• Promote regional agreement and alliance; and
• Increase of money circulation in the economy.
TASK 2
Instruction: Choose one Filipino global corporation. In an essay, discuss its history,
worldwide reach, and attributes as a global corporation.

Mode of Submission:
• PDF format
• Cite your references

Criteria for grading:

• CONTENT - 30%
• SUPPORTING DETAILS (Use of examples) - 30%
• PURSUASIVENESS - 40%
• =100%
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING 
 THE GLOBAL
INTERSTATE SYSTEM

LESSON 4
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs):

Explain the effects of globalization on

governments:
1. Economic interdependence;
2. Economic and political integration; and
3. International law and universal principles;
4. Identify the different institutions that
govern international relations.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

 Itis the fundamental basis of the competitive

commodity economy at global system level.
A system of international relations.
(International Relations (IR) is defined as the
study of interconnectedness of politics, economics
and law on a global level.)
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

1. Economic Interdependence
A relationship between countries in which each
country is dependent on another for necessary
goods or services (Surugui and Surugui, 2015).
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

2. Economic Integration
A process whereby countries cooperate with one
another to reduce or eliminate barriers to the
international flow of products, people and
capital.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

3. Political Integration
 Itrefers to the integration of components within
political system.
 The integration of political system with economic,
social, and other human system; the political
process by which social, economic and political
become integrated.
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM

REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS

ASEAN | EUROPEAN UNION | APEC |NAFTA | OECD
REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS
ASEAN | EUROPEAN UNION | APEC |NAFTA | OECD
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN)

(One Vision, One Identity, One Community)
 It was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand
with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
Declaration) by the founding fathers of ASEAN namely,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1995), Lao PDR and
Myanmar in 1997 and Cambodia (1999) makes up what is
today the 10 member-state of ASEAN. (asean.org).
 THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: ASEAN

Association of Southeast Asian Nation (ASEAN)

(One Vision, One Identity, One Community)
The ASEAN Vision 2020, adopted by the ASEAN leaders on the 30th Anniversary
of ASEAN, as a concert of Southeast Asian Nations outward looking, living in
peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic
development and in a community of caring societies.
The ASEAN Community is comprised of three pillars, namely the:
 (1)ASEAN Political Security Community,
 (2)ASEAN Economic Community and
 (3)ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: EU

EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

 The EU began in 1957 when six countries
signed Treat of Rome. The six countries
were called the European Economic
Community.
 The first six countries were Belgium,
France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands
and Germany. The Union reached its
current size of 28 EU countries.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS” : EU

The goals of the European Union are:

 Promote peace, its values and the well-being of its citizens;
 Offer freedom, security and justice without internal borders;
 Sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and price stability;
 Highly competitive market economy with full employment and social progress;
 Combat social exclusion and discrimination;
 Promote scientific and technological progress;
 Environment protection;
 Enhance economic, social and territorial cohesion and solidarity among EU countries;
 Respect its rich cultural and linguistic diversity; and
 Establish an economic and monetary union whose currency is the Europe.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: EU

The EU in the world:

 TRADE.
The European Union is the largest trade block in the world. It is the
world’s biggest exporter of manufactured goods and services, the
biggest import market for over 100 countries.
 HUMANITARIAN.
The EU is committed to helping victims of man-made and natural
disasters worldwide and supports over 120 million people each year.
 DIPLOMACY AND SECURITY.
The EU plays an important role in diplomacy and works to foster
stability, security and prosperity, democracy, fundamental freedoms and
the rule of law at international level.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: APEC

 ASIA-PACIFICIC ECONOMIC COOPRATION (APEC)

(Advancing Free Trade for Asia-Pacific Prosperity)
 The idea of APEC was first broached by former Prime Minister of
Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea on January
31, 1989. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in
Canberra, Australia to establish APEC. The founding members were
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Korea,
Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the
United States. China, Hong Kong, China and Chinese Taipei joined in
1991. Mexico and Papua New Guinea followed in 1993, Chile acceded
in 1994. In 1998, Peru, Russia, and Vietnam joined, taking the full
membership to 21.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: APEC

 APEC: Multilateral Economic Forum

Operates as a cooperative, multilateral economic and
trade forum. It is the only international intergovernmental
grouping in the world committed to reducing barriers to
trade and investments without requiring its members to
enter into legally binding obligations.
 APEC Members Economies report progress toward
achieving free and open trade and investment goals
through Individual Action Plans (IAPs) and Collective
Action Plans (CAPs).
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: NAFTA

NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

(NAFTA)
 In 1994, North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) came into effect
creating one of the world’s largest free
trade zones and laying foundations for
strong economic growth and rising
prosperity for Canada, the United States
of America, and Mexico.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: OECD

ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND

DEVELOPMENT (OECD)
 Organization for European Economic Cooperation
(OEEC) was established in 1948 to run the US-Financed
Marshall Plan for reconstruction of a continent ravaged
by war.
 By making individual governments recognize the
interdependence of their economies, it paved the way for
a new era of cooperation that was to change the face of
Europe.
 Canada and USA joined OEEC
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE
“REGIONAL AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIPS / INSTITUTIONS”: OECD

Today, OECD focused on helping governments

around the world to;
 Restore confidence in markets and the institutions that make them
function.
 Re-establish healthy public finances as a basis for future sustainable
economic growth.
 Foster and support new sources of growth through innovation,
environmentally friendly’ green growth strategies and the
development of emerging economies.
 Ensure that people of all ages can develop the skills to work
productively and satisfyingly in the jobs tomorrow.
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Contemporary Global
Governance
 THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an international organization founded in

1945.It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission
and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and
principles contained in its founding charter.
 PRIOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS
The League of Nations existed as the premier organization for
international cooperation. Established in 1919 under the Treaty of
Versailles, the League of Nations was established to ensure
international peace, security and cooperation between nations
following the First World War. At its height, the League of Nations had
58 members. In the 1930s, its success waned as the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy, and Japan) gained influence, eventually leading to
the start of World War II in 1939.
 FOUNDING OF THE UNITED
NATIONS
The name “United Nations,” coined by United States President
Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the “Declaration by United
Nations” of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when
representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue
fighting together against the Axis powers. The UN was founded
following the Second World War, in 1945 when the Nations were
drafted at the UN Conference on International Organization in San
Francisco, California.
UNITED NATIONS HAS SIX OFFICIAL
LANGUAGES
 Arabic
 Chinese
 English
 French
 Russian
 Spanish
 THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED

NATIONS
General Assembly
 Security Council
 Economic and Social Council
 Trusteeship Council
 International Court of Justice
 UN Secretariat (un.org)
 THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED
 General Assembly – is NATIONS
the main deliberative organ of the United
Nations: all Member States are represented equally. In the
Assembly, each nation, large or small, has one vote.
 Security Council – is responsible for maintaining peace and
security. Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council does
not hold regular meetings.
 Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) – is the central body for
coordinating the economic and social work of the United Nations
and the UN System.
 THE MAIN ORGANS OF THE UNITED
 Trusteeship Council NATIONS
– was assigned to supervise the
administration of 11 Trust Territories—former colonies or
dependent territories.
 International court of Justice (ICJ) – is the UN’s main judicial
organ. The ICJ, or “World Court”, assumed its functions in 1946.
 UN Secretariat – carries out the day-to-day work of the
Organization. It is made up of an international staff working at UN
Headquarters in New York, as well as UN main offices in Geneva,
Nairobi, and Vienna. The Secretariat works with UN System offices
all over the world.
THE ROLE OF THE UNITED NATIONS
1. Maintain International Peace and Security
2. Protect Human Rights
3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid
4. Promote Sustainable Development
5. Uphold International Law
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE
UNITED NATIONS
1. Knowledge Gaps – A phenomenon happens, more often than not,
there are little information on the origin, causes, the gravity of the
phenomenon and the solutions that may be applied. The United
Nation can provide a platform wherein such phenomenon may be
discussed, studied, and confronted so that new knowledge can be
placed in the limelight, improved, and later on disseminated
worldwide.
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE
UNITED NATIONS
2. Normative Gaps – A norm can be defined statistically to mean the
pattern of behavior that is most common or usual that is a widely
prevalent pattern of behavior. Alternatively, it can be defined
ethically to mean a pattern of behavior that should be followed in
accordance with a given value system.
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE
UNITED NATIONS
3. Policy Gaps – Weiss and Thakur (2010) defined policy as an
interlinked set of governing principles and goals and the agreed
programs of action to implement those principles and achieve those
goals.
Our policies are somewhat influenced by the international
organizations that we are part of. To put things in balance, the
policymakers at the UN are actually the world body’s principal
political organs, the Security Council and the General Assembly.
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE
UNITED
4. Institutional Gaps –InternationalNATIONS
institutions are important because
their existence is to deal primarily on specific problems without any
lace of politics. Take for example the protection of children’s welfare.
This program is under the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF).
 GLOBAL GOVERNANCE AND THE
UNITED NATIONS
5. Compliance Gaps – The fifth and final gap is the compliance gap.
Compliance measures must include mechanism to identify
defections and defectors from agreed upon norms and commitments
in the realm of international governance as well as incentives that
reward cooperation and disincentives that punish defection,
including the use of force to bring those who have not complied back
into line.
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A World of
Regions
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Willy Brandt (the German Chancellor) in 1980 - proposed the
Brandt line, created a partition between the ‘developed’ North
and ‘developing’ South.
The Brandt Line, also known as the North-South divide, it is a
divisionary line which simply separates the rich countries in the
North from the poor countries in the South.
The North-South divide – is broadly considered a socio-
economic and political divide.
A WORLD OF REGIONS
It encircles the world
at latitude of 30°N. It
crosses North and
Central America, North
of Africa and India,
and then it goes down
towards the South,
placing Australia and
New Zealand above
the line.
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Global North – defined as the richer, more developed region.
* Has enough food and shelter.
* Mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much
of the Second World. (United States, Canada, Western, Europe,
as well as Australia and New Zealand)
* Capitalist economies were considered First World and
socialist economies were referred to as Second World.
* In economic terms – with one quarter of the world population
–controls four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world .
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Global South – is a term that has been emerging in the
transnational and postcolonial studies to refer to what may also
called the “Third World” (i.e., Africa, Latin America, and the
developing countries in Asia).
* Third World – the category was used to refer to countries that
were neither capitalist nor socialist.
* the term was also used to refer to the poor world.
* In economic terms – with three quarters of world populations-
has access to one-fifth of the world income.
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Global South –
* lacks appropriate technology
* has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated,
and their foreign exchange earnings depend on primary product
exports.
 As the nations become economically developed , they may
become part of the “North”, regardless of geographical location;
similarly, any nations that do not qualify for “developed’ status
are in effect deemed to be part of the “South”.
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
 How the “Third World” became the Global South”
The world was largely divided into several empires in the 19 th century
(by A. Heelblod 2007). Each empire possessed a civilized and peripheries
that were more or less primitive or even “barbaric”. It is unlikely the citizens
of what is now often called the “Global North” (“developed” or high-income
countries) would have given much thought to the inhabitants of what was
to become known as the Third World, and now, the Global South, also
called “developing or low-income countries.
Most people in the Third World, though rules by European colonies,
lived far from global sources of economic, political, and military power.
 Causes of Underdevelopment
1. Colonialism
* Colonial Powers exploited the natural resources of their colonies,
forming patterns of trade that richly benefited the European nations at the
expense of the colonies themselves.
* The colonies’ population provided a cheap pool of workers for
performing labour intensive tasks.
* While some colonial projects sought justifications on humanitarian
grounds, they were more often hall marked by coercion and inhumane
treatment.
* Allen (2000b: 164) states that in 1995 65 out of 79 countries
experiencing war or political violence were underdeveloped.
 Causes of Underdevelopment
2. International Causes
* Unfair trading practices - The system of international trade
developed under imperialism, whereby developing countries export
cheap raw materials and import expensive finished products
persists to this day.
* Insufficient aid – Another fault of the international community is
the unacceptable level of aid provision. According to the World
Bank, who estimated that the reallocation of existing aid flows to
poor countries with sound management would lift 18 million more
annually out of poverty (World Bank, 1998:16).
 Causes of Underdevelopment
3. Education
* This stems from the fact that lack of education leads to other
poor practices, such as unprotected sex or poor land cultivation.
4. Health
* Sickness reduces productivity and thus reduces national
output.
* Families are often forced to sell their productive assets to fund
the cost of medication.
 Causes of Underdevelopment
* High child mortality rates causes parents to have more
children, which adds an added cost burden to them.
* Disease scares off tourists and investors, valuable sources of
income.
5. Opportunity
* Markets are the primary source of economic activity, but factor
and product markets are virtually non-existent in many least
developed countries (LDCs).
 Causes of Underdevelopment
6. Empowerment – means enhancing the capacity of poor people to
influence the state institutions that affect their lives’ (World Bank,
2001:38)
* Effective policies rely on the institutions charged with their
implementation.
7. Security
* Enhancing security for poor people means reducing their
vulnerability to such risks as ill health, economic shocks, and natural
disasters and helping them cope with the adverse shocks when they
occur.
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
 Regions – “a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified area” or are “an amalgamation of two
regions (or) a combination of more than two regions”
organized to regulate and “oversee flows and policy choices.”
 Regionalization – the growth of societal integration within a
region and to the often undirected processes of social and
economic interaction.
 Regionalism – a political process characterized by economic
policy cooperation and coordination among countries.
 A WORLD OF REGIONS
Countries form regional associations for several reasons.
1. Military defense – The most widely known defense grouping is the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War
when several Western European countries plus the United States
agreed to protect European against the treat of the Soviet Union.
2. To pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, as well as
expand their leverage against trading partners.
3. Form regional blocs to protect their independence from the pressures
of superpower politics.
4. Finally, economic crisis compels countries to come together.
 
THANK YOU FOR
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A World of
Ideas
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
 What is the relation of religion to globalization?
• First, globalization gave rise to religious nationalism that came
about after Second World War. Nationalism was closely
associated with particular religious beliefs and affiliations.
• Globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a
reaction to post-World War II modernism. Religion goes beyond
the administration of sacraments for Catholics and focuses
more on the social concerns of the poor and the oppressed
inside and outside the church.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
• Globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism.
- Religious extremist - a type of political violence anchored on
the belief that a supreme being grants violence in the act of
glorifying one’s faith – has become a central issue faced by global
community.
Example: In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a
known extremist group, triggered the locals of Mindanao to launch
the Marawi Siege for five months.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
• Finally, globalization prompted the increase of individual
religiosity brought about the individual’s need to rely on his or
her beliefs and relationship with the supreme being.

The Impact of Globalization

 Flattens cultural differences
 Erodes local custom and beliefs
 Spreads secular, capitalist way of life
 THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
What is Religion Nowadays?
• It’s no longer a set of beliefs that people arrive by reflection
• It’s a symbolic system which carries our identity and marks out
social/ethic and other boundaries
• It marks crucial moments in the life cycle with rituals
• It provides powerful mechanisms for psychological and social tension
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Role of Religion Today
Looking around the world today,
• it is clear that religion plays a role in many of the major conflicts going
on at various levels.
• Furthermore, religion plays an important role in people’s lives
worldwide, and
• has become one of the major ways people connect with each other
across the globe.
However, the role of religion in contemporary societies is still not sufficiently
understood in academic research and in the work of policy-makers, NGO’s and
journalists.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
 The interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local
religion. It is a global religion with a local mix.
 Roudometof (2014) developed a model of four distinct
glocalization –
1. Vernacularization – refers to the blending of universal
religions with local languages.
- For instance, Arabic is used as Islam’s sacred language
even outside the Arab world, while Greek and Latin remains to
be primary languages of Christianity.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
Indigenization blends religious universalism
with local particularism by adopting religious
ritual, expression and hierarchies into the
specifics of a particular ethnicity. 
Example:
"The practice of Islamism by various ethnic groups
in province of Zambales
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
3. Nationalization – constructs a link between the nation and
church. Religious institutions relate to national identities and the
realities of that nation. Being part of the nation means belonging
to its national church.
Example:
- The Philippine Independent Church, an independent
Christian denomination, is an example of a national church in the
Philippines.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
4. Transnationalization – has completed religious nationalization
by focusing groups on identifying specific religious traditions of
real of imagined national homelands.
Example: Iglesia ni Cristo
- The Christian organization is national in scope but it has an
international reach that is easily identified as Filipino in its roots
and central authority.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
Historically, media underwent five stages of development from
the earliest forms to the complex one. These stages affect
globalization progressively (Lule, 2014).
 It all started with oral communication. Language allowed
humans to communicate and share information. Moreover,
language became the most important tool for exploring the
world and the different cultures. It helped people move and
settle down. Oral communication led to markets, trade, and
cross-continental trade routes.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION

 Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge,

beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the
ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations.
Its development has been mainly influenced by media.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
 The next stage is the invention of script. Distance became a
hindrance to oral communication. Script allowed humans to
communicate over a larger space and for a much longer
duration. It allowed the permanent codification of economic,
cultural, religious, and political practice. Knowledge, beliefs,
and behaviors were written and made available for
transmission to the next generation and to other nations and
cultures.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
 Next followed the printing press. The introduction of the printing
press allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and
circulation of print materials. Written documents were mass
produced which gave everyone access to information that was
once available only to the rich, powerful, and religious. This
period of media development affected globalization by
transforming various institutions such as schools, churches,
governments, and armies, among others.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
 Another stage is the emergence of electronic media as
characterized by its use of electricity. Electronic media includes
the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. The wide
reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in
the economic, political, and cultural processes of globalization.
 The last stage is the digital media which relies on digital codes.
It can be created, modified, and stored in any digital electronic
device. Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet and
computer networks.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION

 Media is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of

people with different cultures. However, the real media is the
people. Marketing people seek the world for their cultural
products, and managers facilitate interactions of culture profits.
These interactions result in the integration of cultures.
 MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION
 The media have a very important impact on cultural
globalization in two mutually interdependent ways:
- Firstly, the media provide and extensive transnational
transmission of cultural products and,
- secondly, they contribute to the formation of communicative
networks and social structures.
 Thank you
for listening! 
Global Population
and Mobility
Part 1
 GLOBAL CITY
 Global City – deals with the concept of Cosmopolitanism and
its significance in world politics and international relations.
- Global city serves as a hub for production, finance and
telecommunications.
- Also called alpha city or world city.
 GLOBAL CITY
Characteristics of a Global City
 A variety of international financial services, notably in finance,
insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing
 Headquarters of several multinational corporations
 The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange,
and major financial institutions
 Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding
area
 Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
 GLOBAL CITY
 Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis at a
global level
 Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics,
culture, and politics
 Centers of media and communications for global networks
 Dominance of the national region with great international
significance
High percentage of residents employed in the services sector
and information sector
 GLOBAL CITY
 High-quality educational institutions, including renowned
universities, international student attendance, and research
facilities
 Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal,
medical, and entertainment facilities in the country
 Typically, highly diverse in terms of language, culture, religion,
and ideologies
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 Demography - is a field in statistics that is concerned with
births, deaths, income or the incidence of disease, which later
illustrates the changing structure of human populations. It is a
statistical study to determine world population that can be used
as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics, public
administration, and others.
 It is derived from two Greek Words:
• “Demos” means population
• “Graphics” means to draw
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
 Census - is defined as an enumeration or complete population
count at a point in time within a specified geographical area.
A census provides more reliable and accurate data if properly
enumerated.
Techniques of Census Taking
A. De Jure - this technique is the counting of people according to
the permanent place of location or residence.
B. De Facto - this technique of conducting census refers to
counting persons where they are present at the time of the census
period.
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
 Registration of vital events (Records) - It is a regular and
continuous registration of vital events. Civil registration system,
which records births, deaths, marriages etc. (vital statistics), enables
rates of population growth to be calculated; but are much less
adequate than national censuses. In developing countries where
illiteracy rates are high and communications are poor, the problems
of recording births and deaths are immense not only in rural
populations but also in urban areas. However, efforts are being made
to improve the collection of these data in many countries.
 SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
 Sample surveys - A sample survey is another source of
demographic data carried out in a scientifically selected area
which covers only a section or portion (sample) of the
population under consideration.
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
 Global Demography – talks about the present condition of world
population in terms of the ongoing fight against tyranny and
terrorism. Also, the importance of democracy and human rights is
established.
 Global demography, however, is about trends and practices in
world politics. It is the study of the issues and developments of
the global population. Basically, it lays out the present condition
of the world and its population.
 GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY

 Population - A population is a distinct group of individuals,

whether that group comprises a nation or a group of people
with a common characteristic.
Thank you for listening

Global Population
and Mobility
Part 2
 GLOBAL MOBILITY
 Global migration - is the flow of movement of people from one
place to another around the world. The main purpose of
migration is to find work or employment.
  Factors Influencing Migration and Population Movements
• Changes in the ecological environment have the potential to
worsen food and water insecurity in various parts of the globe.
Limited access to food and water resources may push people
to migrate to countries where these resources are more readily
available.
 GLOBAL MOBILITY
 Factors Influencing Migration and Population Movements
• Socio-political, economic and ecological factors are the main
forces driving migration.
• Rising communal violence world-wide, often result of ethnic or
religious intolerance, has led to increased levels of migration.
• Economic disparity between developing and developed
economies encourages the movement of skilled labor from the
former to latter. Temporary migration visas allow for an increase
in the rate of circular migration.
 TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION

1. Internal migration – refers to a change of residence within

national boundaries, such as between states, provinces,
cities, or municipalities. An internal migrant is someone
who moves to a different administrative territory. 
 TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
2. International migration – refers to change of residence over
national boundaries. An international migrant is someone who
moves to a different country. International migrants are further
classified as legal immigrants, illegal immigrants, and refugees.
Legal immigrants are those who moved with the legal permission
of the receiver nation, illegal immigrants are those who moved
without legal permission, and refugees are those crossed an
international boundary to escape persecution.
 
 THREE CATEGORIES OF GLOBAL
MIGRATION
1. Voluntary economic migration – a migration rooted for the
pursuit of economic stability.
2. Forced displacement – could be traced to the factors of state
tyranny.
3. Refugee crisis – a migration caused by fear of violence such
as civil war.
 
 EFFECTS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

 With the country reliant on labor export, OFWs are seen to be

major economic drivers of the country. They affect the
economic sustainability through their remittances.
 Migration is also the reason why a country’s foreign policy
focuses on labor export.
 Brain drain, wherein a country loses its best workers.
Environmental
Crisis
 The World’s Leading Environmental

Problems
Pollution of Air, Water and Land
 Hazardous Chemicals and Wastes
 Land Degradation
 Loss of Biodiversity
 Ozone Depletion
 Climate Change
 Loss of natural and cultural resources
 Pandemics and other threats to public health
 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

 Many of these problems are caused by natural changes.

Example; Volcanic eruptions release toxins in the
atmosphere and lower the world’s temperature.
 Human exacerbate other natural environmental problems
(Man-made pollution).
 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS

 Environmental Pollution - It means adding impurities to the

environment.
- It is an undesirable change in chemical, physical, and
biological characteristics of air, water and soil, which causes
the health problem to all the living beings.
POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA
AIR
Pollution
LAND of
Media
WATER
 POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
 MEDIA
Air Pollution - the emission of any impurity into the air, such
as smoke (including tobacco smoke), dust, cinders, solid
particles, gases, mists, fumes, odours and radioactive
substances.
Sources of Air Pollution.
It can be classified as:
- Air pollution by natural and manmade sources.
- Air pollution by human activities.
 POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
MEDIA
 Water pollution - may be defined as the contamination of
streams, lakes, seas, underground water or oceans by
substances, which are harmful for living beings.
Industrialisation and population explosion are two important
factors for water pollution.
 POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
 MEDIAof earth's land surfaces
Land pollution - is the degradation
often caused by human activities and its misuse. Haphazard
disposal of urban and industrial wastes, exploitation of
minerals, and improper use of soil by inadequate agricultural
practices are a few of the contributing factors. Also,
increasing urbanization, industrialization, and other demands
on the environment and its resources is of great consequence
to many countries.
 ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS
 Perhaps no issue forces people to think about their role as
citizens of the world than environmental degradation. Every
person, regardless of his/her race, nation, or creed, belongs
to the same world. In the fight against climate change, one
cannot afford to simply care about his/her own backyard. The
carbon dioxide emitted in one country may have severe
effects on the climate of another. There is no choice but to
find global solutions to this global problems.
Thank you for
listening 