Car Parking Presentation

Car Park Ventilation
by Jet Thrust System

Presented By
Ian Watts
Regional Sales & Business Development Manager
Car Park Ventilation
Types of Car Parks

Basic Principles
Types of Systems
Impulse Ventilation Benefits
 Product Range
Types of car parks
© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 3

Types of car parks
Car Park Types

 Open Sided Car Parks
 Naturally Ventilated Car Parks
 Mechanical Ventilated Car Parks
© Fläkt Woods 2007

Types of car parks
Regulations and Standards
 Most systems are designed to UK Building Regulations approved document B & F

• 6 air changes per hour for pollution ventilation
• 10 air changes per hour for emergency ventilation
 BS standard BS7346-7
 Impulse system design objectives:

• Even air distribution throughout the area
• Achieve smoke clearance by dispersal
• Assist fire fighting access

• Protect means of escape

Types of car parks
Open Sided Car Parks
 Completely above ground

 Each storey has 5 % of the floor area as Permanent Wall Openings.
With at least half divided between 2 opposing walls
 Ventilation of Smoke and Vehicle fumes

Types of car parks

Types of car parks
Naturally Ventilated Car Parks
 2.5% of the floor area provided as permanent wall openings. With at

least half divided between 2 opposing walls.
 Mechanical assistance required for Vehicle fumes (3AC/h)
 Sufficient for Smoke ventilation

Types of car parks

Types of car parks
Mechanically Ventilated Car Park
 Normally located Underground

 Natural Ventilation not possible
 6 Air changes per hour for vehicle fumes
 10 Air changes per hour for Smoke clearance
 Fans rated 300 Deg C 60 minutes
 Extract volume divided between at leas 2 fans
 Ductwork rated 800 Deg C

Types of car parks

Types of car parks
• Loading bays

Types of car parks
• Complex Tunnels

Basic Principles

Basic Principals
traditional supply ducting (NOT car parks):
Supply Air Ducts
air is supplied in a controlled manner

to where it is required

Basic Principals
traditional ducted car park system:
air is EXTRACTED
EXTRACTED through the ducts
50
%
h ig
hl
ev
el
ve l
wle
lo
50%
air supply is uncontrolled

Basic Principals
traditional ducted car park system:

Basic Principals
• Main extract fans give air change rate
• Supplied air from ramps / openings (or supply fans)
• Jet Thrust Fans control the supplied air

Basic Principals
 Distribution ducting is replaced by a number of small impulse fans

Basic Principals
Jet Thrust Fan installation

Basic Principals
Entrained flow from low level
Jet Thrust Fan - air entrainment

Basic Principals
Supply air in
Jet Thrust Fans

control the air
Extracted out

Basic Principals
CFD example of a real car park…

Entrance / exit (Main
source of supply air into
car park)
Extract point
Make-up supply air via
louvre in wall of car park
isometric view (with roof removed)

Basic Principals
BEFORE AFTER
= Primary ‘dead-spots’
CFD analysis to eliminate of ‘dead spots’

Basic Principals
shows movement of air around the car park…

Types of systems
&
Calculation Method

Types Of System
• Pollution only
• Smoke clearance / purging
• Smoke control

fume extraction
Pollution Ventilation

Fume extraction (day-to-day)
Objectives:
• Prevent build up of contaminants:
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Nitrous Oxide (NoX)
• Provide feeling of freshness in the air
• Good Air Distribution

Fume extraction (day-to-day)
ducted system - 100 extract points Jet Thrust System - 16 Jet Thrust Fans
air speed air speed

area of still air
area of stagnant air even distribution of clean air
air quality air quality

Fume extraction – Example codes of practice
Time PPM Ventilati

on
UK 8 hrs 30 6 – 10
15 mins 90 ac/h
Poland - - 6 – 10
ac/h
Denmar - - 1.8 L/s.
k m²
German - - 3.3 L/s.
y
© Fläkt Woods 2007 m²
Fume extraction – Field testing
Source. Ashrae Guide 2001

Calculation methods
Calculating ventilation rate based on

predicted CO levels in the car park

Fume extraction – Design Considerations
ASRAE Guide
Design based on intended car park use and size (Travel time)
% of cars in
operation at
Intended use peak times Ref.
Sports stadium 20 Ashrae guide 2001
Shopping mall 40 Ashrae guide 2001
Office 90 -
Calculate ventilation rate depending on predicted no.
of cars in operation & emission levels

Fume extraction – ASHRAE Example
Information Required:-
Number of cars in operation during peak period (  )

Average CO emission rate of a typical car, (), g/s
Average length of operation / travel time ( ), s
CO concentrat ion acceptable in car park (COMax), PPM
Total Floor area of car park ( f ), m 2

Example
•2 level car park for a shopping mall
•Car capacity 450
•Total floor area 9000m²
•Height 2.7m
•Typical travel distance 2 mins (120s)
•Maximum CO level 25ppm

CO concentration acceptable in car park (COMax), PPM

Determine Peak Generation Rate (G), g/s / m²
ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)

Handbook
3-5% for apartments 
15-20% sports stadium
G
Shopping malls 40%, may be
higher in holiday periods f


Number of cars in operation
450  0.4 during Average
180 peak period (  ) 11.67g/m CO emission
- Average rate ofona atypical
of all values car,
winters day((0.19
), g/s g/s)
ITE (Institute of Traffic Engineers)

Handbook
3-5% for apartments 
15-20% sports stadium
G
Shopping malls 40%, may be
higher in holiday periods f
Total Floor area of car2 park ( f ), m 2
9000m



450  0.4  180 11.67 - Average of all values on a winters day (0.19 g/s)
1800.19
G G   0.004 g/s/m 2
f
9000
9000m 2

Total Floor area of car park ( f ), m 2 Generation Rate (G)  0.004 g/s /m 2

Normalize the Generation Value
G
f  100
G0
26.7g/h/m2 - Constant value taken from actual car park (0.0074g/s/m 2 )

Total Floor area of car park ( f ), m 2 Generation Rate (G)  0.004 g/s /m 2

Normalize the Generation Value
Generation Rate (G)  0.004 g/s /m 2
0.G
004
f f   100  54
100
G0
0.0074
26.7g/h/m 2 - Constant value taken from actual car park (0.0074g/s/m 2 )

Total Floor area of car park ( f ), m 2 Normalized Generation Rate ( f )  54

Calculate Air Change Rate Required

Correlation given for CO levels
C  1.204x10-6 (m 3 /s)/(m2 /s) for COMax  15ppm
 0.692x10-6 (m 3 /s)/(m2 /s) for COMax  25ppm
 0.238x10-6 (m 3 /s)/(m2 /s) for COMax  35ppm
ACH (Air Changes Per Hour)
Q  Cf


6 3 2
Q  0.692  10  54 120s  0.0043(m /s)/m


(0.0043(m 3 /s)/m 2  3600)

Q  5.73 AC/h
2.7m


Fume extraction - Summary
• Codes of practice vary widely from country to

country – there is no general consensus on
right or wrong way.
• Fixed ventilation rates means that larger car

parks tend to be over Engineered!
• Some field studies have shown CO levels to

be comparatively lower than standards
suggest.
• CO emission standards are becoming

increasingly more stringent – Emissions far
less harmful now than 10 years ago.

Emergency Ventilation
Smoke purging
(smoke clearance systems)

To dilute, cool and extract smoke
Air Change rate
2 Reasons
•Fire fighters
•Building

Smoke Clearance
extract fans 10AC/h for Example

EXHAUST
FANS
Only 50% of duct is extracting
smoke at high level - i.e. 5 ac/h
DUCT
DUCT
5 air changes at high level
supply air
5 air changes at
5 ACH
low level
LOW LEVEL

Smoke Clearance
100% is extracting smoke at high level -

extract fans
i.e. 10 ac/h
10 air changes
Jet Thrust Fan
supply air

Smoke Clearance - Calculation
inlet air
via ramp
Ps
Air is
64m
Extracted
????
125m
3m high

Smoke Clearance
Air Change Rate Calculation
Volume of Car park  Air Change Rate

Volume Flow Rate (m3 /s) 
3600

Smoke Clearance
AC/H Calculation
Volume of Car park  Air Change Rate

Volume Flow Rate (m3 /s) 
3600
Width  Length  Height

64m  125m  3m

Smoke Clearance
AC/H Calculation
3 24000m3  Air Change Rate

Volume Flow Rate (m /s) 
3600
10AC/h
Air Changes per Hour

Smoke Clearance
AC/H Calculation
3 24000m3  10AC/h
Volume Flow Rate (m /s) 
3600
To convert into seconds

Smoke Clearance
AC/H Calculation
3 24000m3  10AC/h
Volume Flow Rate (m /s)   66.67(m3 /s)
3600

Smoke Clearance
inlet air
via ramp
Ps
66.67m³/s
Air is
64m
Extracted
125m

Smoke Control

Smoke Control – The Differences
•Aim is to provide clear access for fire fighters

OR
•Clear route for escape of occupants
There are 2 main Differences from smoke clearance
•Quantity of Jet Fans

•Volume Flow Rate of Main Fans
•Volume of smoke to be extracted

•Velocity through the car park

Smoke Control – Applicable to both
•Care should be taken not to induce too much airflow with

Jet fans.
• Extract fans should immediately respond on detection of

a fire.
• A time delay should be incorporated before operating the

jet fans to assist escaping occupants.

BS7346 part 7
• The air change rate provided should be at least 10 ac/h.
• Care should be taken not to directly expose access

doors to dynamic pressures.
• The discharge point should be sited such that they will

not cause smoke to re-enter the building.
• Requirements of approved document B should be met.

BS7346 part 7 – Fire fighter access
• Calculations should be based on the appropriate design

fire size.
• Bulk velocity induced sufficient to halt the advance of the

ceiling jet within 10m from the fire for all possible
locations.
• Fire fighter access from exterior or protected stairwells to

allow at least one clear approach to any possible fire
location.
• Design should take into account presence of down-stand

beams.

BS7346 part 7 – Fire fighter access
• Velocity within escape routes should not exceed 5m/s
• Maximum inlet air speed should not exceed 2m/s.
• The car park should be divided into smoke control zone

of not more than 2000m².
• Design based on creation of smoke control zones should

either:
• Have physical partitions to prevent smoke spread
• Demonstrate using a CFD model that smoke is

contained within the boundaries.
Points to consider….
Car park may still smoke log even if sufficient

air is being extracted:
 Location of supply point with respect to

extract
 Effect due to obstructions on flow of air
 Inlet velocity too high
 Many of these may seem obvious but

are often overlooked!

BS7346 part 7 - Design fires
Steady state design fires
Fire Indoor car Indoor car

parameters park without park with
sprinkler sprinkler
system system
Dimensions 5 m x 5 m 2 mx5 m
Perimeter 20 m 14 m
Heat release 8 MW 4 MW
rate

Smoke Control
SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs)
Vs = 1.5m/s Vs = 1.5m/s
AIR VELOCITY
CAR FIRE – 3MW
where: tunnel: 10m (w) x 5m (h)

car fire 8MW
* based on Heselden’s method of predicting smoke velocity

Smoke Control
SMOKE VELOCITY (Vs) energy from fire

moves smoke Jet Thrust Fan
>18ms-1 velocity
JETFAN
Vs = 2.8ms -1
1.5 ms-1
entrained air flow
CAR FIRE – 3MW
critical velocity of 1.5ms-1

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps
extract fans
smoke perimeter
For Car Parks, the tunnel theory is adapted to take Ps to be

Smoke Perimeter
Smoke Control
smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)
distance from fire smoke velocity*

(m) (ms-1)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
smoke
control
64m
extract fans
?? m3/s
125m
64 x 125 = 8000 m2 , 3m high

Smoke Control
comparison - air change rate / smoke production

BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)
Smoke Production m 3/s
Car Park Size 5 AC/hr 10 AC/hr High Ceilings Low Ceilings

m2 m 3/s m 3/s Ce=0.19 Ce=0.21
1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37
2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37
3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37
4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37
8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37

where:
Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m
Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m Fire size
Fire perimeter = 20.0m stays the
Fire size = 8.0MW same for
all
Convective heat from fire = 6 MW
Smoke Control
comparison - air change rate / smoke production

BS7346 - Part 7 2006 (unsprinklered Fire)
Smoke Production m 3/s
Car Park Size 5 AC/hr 10 AC/hr High Ceilings Low Ceilings

m2 m 3/s m 3/s Ce=0.19 Ce=0.21
1000 4.17 8.33 27.48 30.37
2000 8.33 16.67 27.48 30.37
3000 12.5 25 27.48 30.37
4000 16.67 33.33 27.48 30.37
8000 33.33 66.67 27.48 30.37

where:
Effective height of Car Park = 3.00m Car Park needs
Effective height of Clear Layer = 2.5m to be 4000m2 to
Fire perimeter = 20.0m extract high
enough volume
Fire size = 8.0MW
Convective heat from fire = 6 MW
Smoke Control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans
Smoke production (kg/s) x Absolute smoke layer temp (K)

Volume of smoke (m³/s) 
1.22 kg/m³ x Absolute ambient temp (K)
gives size of main extract

smoke control

Smoke production (kg/s)  0.21 x Fire perimeter (m) x Height of the clear layer1.5

smoke control

Ce constant for large room with low Ceiling = 0.21kg/s m2

smoke control

e.g. BS7346 pt 7 = 5m by 5m = 20m

for a non-sprinklered fire, (4MW, sprinklered = 14m)

smoke control

Smoke production (kg/s)  0.21 x 20m x Height of clear layer1.5
clear layer - depends on car park height, typically 1.5 - 2.5m,

e.g. 2.5m for this example

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x Absolute smoke layer temp (K)

16.6 kg/s  0.21 x 20m x 2.51.5

smoke control

Absolute layer temp(K)  Ambient temp ( o C)  temp of smoke ( o C)  273

smoke control

Absolute layer temp(K)  Ambient temp ( o C)  temp of smoke ( o C)  273
adjusted to climate, e.g. for this example 20C

smoke control

Absolute layer temp (K)  20o C  temp of smoke ( o C)  273
Temp of smoke ( o C)  Convective heat of smoke (MW) / mass of smoke (kg/s)

smoke control

Temp of smoke ( o C)  Convective heat of smoke (MW) / mass of smoke (kg/s)
e.g. BS7346 pt7 requires 8 MW, less radiant heat loss (25%), therefore, 6 MW
smoke control

Temp of smoke ( o C)  6 MW / mass of smoke (kg/s)
16.6kg from smoke production calculation

smoke control

Absolute layer temp (K)  20o C  361o C  273
361o C  6 MW / 16.6 kg

smoke control

Absolute layer temp (K)  20o C  361o C  273
add 273, to give temperature in Kelvin

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x 654K

654 K  20o C  361o C  273

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x 654K

1.22 kg/ based on Density of Air @ 20C

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x 654K

e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x 654K

1.22 kg/m³ x 293 K
e.g. here is 20C, + 273 to give Kelvin

smoke control
16.6 kg/s x 654K

Volume of smoke (m³/s)  = 30.37m3/s
1.22 kg/m³ x 293 K
therefore,
Main Extract, will need to remove a Minimum of 30.37 m3/s

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps
extract fans
30.37m
????3/s
smoke perimeter

Smoke Control
smoke velocities from car fire (8MW)
distance from fire smoke velocity*

(m) (ms-1)
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps
extract fans
????
smoke perimeter
Smoke velocity at 10m, 1.45m/s (in all directions)

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
1.45m/s
Ps
1.45m/s extract fans

????
1.45m/s smoke perimeter
controlling velocities
1.45m/s is a MINIMUM Velocity
Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps

64m
????
smoke perimeter
controlling velocities

smoke control
Sizing of Main Extract Fans based on

Velocity
Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity
Width x Height
64.0m x 3.0m

smoke control

Velocity
Volume Flow Rate = 192m² x Velocity

smoke control

Velocity
distance from smoke velocity*

fire (ms-1)
(m)
1.45m/s
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15

smoke control

Velocity
Volume Flow Rate = 192m² x 1.45m/s = 278.4m³/s

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps

64m
278.4m³/s
smoke perimeter
Over 9 times the volume of smoke produced!!!

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps

10m
????
smoke perimeter

smoke control
Volume Flow Rate = Sectional Area x Velocity
Width x Height
10.0m x 3.0m

smoke control

smoke control
distance from smoke velocity*

fire (ms-1)
(m)
1.45m/s
5 1.83
10 1.45
15 1.27
20 1.15

smoke control
Volume Flow Rate = 30m² x 1.45m/s = 43.5m³/s

Smoke Control
inlet air
via ramp
Ps

10m
54.38m /s
43.5m³/s
3
smoke perimeter
Only 80% more

44%Add than
25% the volume
safety Margin of smoke
produced!!!
Fläkt Woods fully reversible system

Fully Reversible Systems
• Requires Supply and Extract Fans
• Supply fans are HT rated
• Truly Symmetrical blades (only Fläkt Woods)

Truly Symmetrical blade technology
• Truly Symmetrical profile

• high efficiency impeller
- fully reversible
• 100% thrust in both directions
• Unique to Fläkt Woods

air flow is controlled - critical velocity controls smoke
zone 1 zone 2
supply extract
supply extract
extract fans meet design criteria to

remove smoke faster than production

fire in zone 1: extract and supply are reversed
zone 1 zone 2
extract supply
extract
X X supply
X
Selected fans only run to smoke is directed to

minimise smoke spread minimise spread

Smoke control – Fire within one zone
inlet air
via ramp
smoke zone 1
50m
smoke zone 2
FIRE
80m
jet fan off
= 2000m² smoke
control zone jet fan on
Smoke control – Fire at the zone boundary
inlet air
via ramp
smoke zone 1
sub zone
50m 10m
smoke zone 2
80m
jet fan on

Selecting type
& quantity of jet fans

Product range
Impulse Fan Types - Axial
 Integral silencers Cylindrical, Octagonal

 Uni-directional or Truly reversible
 Single or multi-speed
 Continuous duty plus 300 °C for 60 minutes
emergency operation

Product Range
Impulse Fan Types -

Centrifugal
 High velocity laminar airflow

 Reduced height profile
 Continuous duty plus 300 °C for 60 minutes
emergency operation

Selecting type & quantity of jet fans
Design considerations:
• Manual calculation very limited – no data on ‘installation

factors’ for down-stand beams, pipe work etc, car’s etc.
• Use Engineering judgement / experience / knowledge of

others.
• Height restrictions in car park may limit choice of jet fan(s).
• Aspect ratio with respect to airflow direction – high aspect

ratio will require more fans than low aspect ratio.

Design considerations:
• Number of inlet openings / extract points.
• Inlet velocity ideally < 2 m/s.
• Redundancy - if designing smoke control scheme.
• Effect of beams / obstructions at high level.

Aspect Ratios – Width to length
3:1
High
Aspect
Ratio
1:3
Low
Aspect
Ratio 1:1
Equal
Aspect
Ratio

Basic guidelines:
Max Longitu
Jet Profile
Lateral dinal
Thrust range*
spacing spacing
Fan (m²)
* (m) * (m)
* Depending on aspect ratio of car park & airflow direction
315 dia 167 - 6 - 7 28 - 33
200
355 dia 250 - 7 – 8 36 – 50
350
400 dia 333 - 8 - 11 42 - 65
Assumptions:
• Simple geometry - Air path is unrestricted by internal stair
cores / large obstructions.
• Inlet velocity can be kept low typically 2 m/s.
• If beams exist Jet Thrust fans can be positioned with correct fan
spacings.

Low Aspect Ratios >2500m²
AIRFLOW
Jet Profile
1:3
Low = Thrus area
Aspect
Ratio t Fan (m²)
315 200
dia
355 400
dia
400 700
High Aspect Ratios >2500m²
3:1
Jet Profile
High = Thrus area
Aspect
Ratio t Fan (m²)
315 167
dia
+ 355 250
AIRFLOW
AIRFLOW
+ AIRFLOW
dia
400 333
dia
Equal Aspect Ratio >2500m²
1:1
Jet Profile
Equal = Thrus area
Aspect
Ratio t Fan (m²)
315 184
dia
AIRFLOW
355 275
AIRFLOW
dia
400 367
dia
Car parks with particularly complex geometry

• Air path is severely restricted by beams, high level services etc.
• Inlet air velocity > 2m/s.
• Incorrect spacing of Jet Thrust Fans – e.g. fan outlet < 10 fan
diameters from beam & no deflector fitted to fan.
• Use lower limits from table:
Max Longitu
Jet Profile
Lateral dinal
Thrust range*
spacing spacing
Fan (m²)
• If unsure seek guidance from UK Car* (m)COE team.
parks * (m)
315 dia 167 -
© Fläkt Woods 2007 6 - 7 28 - 33
CFD
CFD study to look

at installation effects

CFD study 1 – Beam effects
2 metres from beam

2 metres from beam

4 metres from beam

4 metres from beam

4 metres from beam with air deflection of 5°

4 metres from beam with air deflection of 5°

Summary
• Jet fan at 2m from beam with no air deflection - jet

reaches jet terminal velocity within 30m with jet
circulating back.
• Jet fan at 4m with no air deflection - jet reaches

terminal velocity within 30m. Resultant air continues to
travel in desired direction with velocity > 0.1 m/s.
• Optimum is with jet fan positioned at 4m with an air

deflection of 5°. Jet is still travelling at >1m/s at distance
of approx 45m from fan.

CFD study 2 – Incorrect lateral spacing
• CFX software used.
• Jet Thrust fan = 400 dia modelled @ 2 pole. Velocity profile

with swirl component using data from CFD model of fan
impeller.
• Scenarios considered:
• Lateral spacing outside of normal limits – 15m.
Domain size = 50m x 46m x 3m (L x W x

H)
• Recommended lateral spacing – lower limit: 8m.
Domain size = 50m x 32m x 3m (L x W x

H)
15m spacing
Too much
separation of
jets



CFD study 2 – Correct lateral spacing
8m spacing
Jets combine
to create bulk
flow in excess
of 1m/s.



Summary
• Increasing lateral spacing past normal recommended

limits results in separation of jets & lower velocities
between them.
• When positioned correctly jets combined to create

uniform bulk flow that will be more effective in opposing
smoke ceiling jet velocity.

Controls and zoning

Contents
• Types of systems and car parks
• Designing the most suitable Jet Thrust System:

- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning
- Special considerations
- JTF and / or Induction fans
- CFD
• Energy use comparisons

Types of systems

Types of systems
• Pollution only
• Smoke clearance / purging
• Smoke control

Types of car parks

Types of car parks
• Enclosed

Types of car parks
• Partially enclosed (underground)

Types of car parks
• Partially enclosed (above ground)

Types of car parks
• Loading bay

Types of car parks
• Tunnels

Summary
• Types of systems
- Pollution
- Smoke purging / clearance
- Smoke control
• Types of car parks

- Enclosed
- Partially enclosed (underground / above ground)
- Loading bay
- Tunnels

Designing the most suitable
Jet Thrust System

Controls

Controls
Operation philosophies:
• 24 / 7
• Timer
• CO / NOx sensors
• Wind sensors
• LPG

Controls – 24/7
• System operates at a required speed for high

pollution ventilation during all times.
• Operates regardless of the movement in the car

park.
• It is not dependent on any other variables (such

as CO or NOX)
• Very high energy consumption!

Controls – Timer
• System will switch on / off regardless of the

movement in the car park.
• High pollution build up while the system is

switched off.
• Controls should be programmed so that it should

overpass the timer and turn on the system in
emergency mode.

Controls – CO / NOx sensors
• System operates in respect to the amount of CO /

NOx detected in the car park / loading bay.
• ‘Intelligent’, energy efficient system.
• It will operate at higher speeds

when there is a lot of movement
in the car park / loading bay.
• Capable of providing background

ventilation if there is little or no
movement.

Controls – Wind sensors
• Used mostly in open sided car parks / tunnels.
• Air will be supplied and extracted via the

openings (of the tunnel or) on the walls of the car
park.
• System will operate in relation to the velocity of

the wind.

Controls – Wind sensors
• If the wind velocity is high enough then the

system may switch off.
• Otherwise, the Jet Thrust Fans will operate to aid

the movement of the air through the car park /
tunnel.

Controls – Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Some countries already take into consideration

LPG powered cars.
• LPG leaks / exhaust can be very dangerous.
• Requires a dedicated detection system.
• Mode of operation very similar to CO / NOx

detection systems.

Supply and Extract considerations

Supply and Extract
Customer’s proposed
Extract location
Entrance / exit of car park

Supply and Extract
Modified extract
location
Entrance / exit of car park

Supply and Extract
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Supply of air from

entrance / exit ramp
Supply of air from

Ventilation shaft

Supply and Extract
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Ventilation shaft
Supply of air from

Supply of air from

Additional proposed
Ventilation shaft
Additional proposed
Ventilation shaft
Direction of airflow
Ventilation shaft

Summary
• Basic principles
• Types of systems

- Controls:
24 / 7, Timer, CO / NOx, Wind, LPG
- Supply / extract

Zoning

Zoning
Considerations:
• Why do we do it?
• When is it applied?
• How is it successfully applied?

Zoning
Shafts used for car park ventilation system

Zoning
ZONE 1 ZONE 2

Zoning
ZONE 1 ZONE 2
ZONE 3 ZONE 4

Zoning

Special considerations

Special considerations
• Height restrictions
• Customer requirements
- Fire fighter access
- Cannot install JTF on the roadways
- etc
• Filtration of the air
• Treated air

Summary

- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning

JTF and / or Induction fans?

JTF or Induction fans
• Which?
• When?

JTF
• Reversible system
• Emergency ventilation (both smoke clearance

and control)
• Tunnels

Jet Thrust Fan Spacing
A A
Long and Thin Short and W ide

Size
A B A B
B 315mm dia 7m 25m 8m 20m
355mm dia 8m 30m 9m 30m
400mm dia 9m 60m 10m 40m
1/2 A

Induction fans
• Against corners
• In car parks where there are very deep beams in

close proximity to each other.
Large angle of deflection of the air

Inlet is below the fan
at the outlet of the fan
Air is entrained by the fan

Smoke purging / clearance
• Dilution of the smoke and effective clearance can

be achieved with either one.
• In some cases, for a more efficient system, both

types of fans can be used in the same car park.

Smoke control
• Jet Thrust Fans are more effective in the case of

smoke control
• The option of reversibility and the fact that they

manage to keep smoke at high level makes Jet
Thrust Fans much more favourable.

Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD
•A design tool to aid with the detailed design of the

Jet Thrust system.
• The software allows the designer to model

complex airflows within the car park, visually
inspect and analyse the airflow patterns.
CFD
• The software uses the mathematical method of

Finite Volume Analysis. The model is divided into
adjoining finite volumes with the conservation
equations represented in algebraic form being
solved iteratively for each finite volume.

CFD
• As a result, it can calculate solutions for pressure

(P), temperature (T), x-velocity (u), y-velocity (v)
and z-velocity (w), as well as visibility and smoke
spread.

CFD
• Ensures that the best possible system is being

designed for that specific car park
• It can then be confirmed during commissioning

what has been modelled takes place in reality.

CFD
• Always offered as part of the Jet Thrust System

package

Summary

- Controls
- Supply / extract
- Zoning
- JTF and / or Induction fans
- CFD

Energy saving comparison

Energy saving comparison example
• Take a car park with 4000m² (80m long x 50m wide)

with 3m height.
- One is designed using a Jet Thrust System
- The other a ducted system
• Looking at the energy required depending on the

controls, a comparison can be done on the various
types of systems.
Supply via ramp Supply via ramp
Extract Extract

Energy saving comparison
Jet Thrust
System
Ducted
System Main Jet
Thrust
fans
Fans
189.6k 121.9k
24 / 7 40.8kW
W W
110.6k
Timer 71.1kW 23.8kW
W
CO 51.2kW 33.1kW 6.8kW
Energy Efficiency
summary - benefits of Jet Thrust System
• higher system performance – better air distribution

• lower installation costs
• lower running costs
• optimises car park use (more space)
• lower external noise levels (lower powered extract fans)
• cleaner lighter appearance
• lower install cost for other services (no routing around ducts)
• Truly Symmetrical blades allows fully reversible design if required

Example Project
Maratex Baia Mare
Car Park Ventilation Scheme

~ where safety comes first ~

What should be achieved?
Day to day ventilation
# Modern medical science is aware of the harm of

Nitrous Oxide
Carbon Monoxide
Particulates
# Regulations take this into account, and prescribe suitable

levels of ventilation to ensure a healthy environment is
achieved.
# Maximum CO level - 60ppm average over each 15

minute period.

What should be achieved?
# Safe Escape for patrons
# Safe access for Fire Fighting personnel
# Protection of property.
Most efficient system type is an “impulse ventilation system”
(Fläkt Woods Jet Thrust System)

Standards Applied
VDI 2053 for Day to day ventilation (German Standard)
• CO concentrations  60ppm average over 15 minutes

• CO > 60ppm average requires audible warning alarm
BS 7346:7 Emergency ventilation (UK Standard)
• 8MW design fire size (unsprinkled)

• Fire Fighter Access to within 10m of seat of fire

Design Proposal for Maratex
6 Entrance/ Exit ramps

Assumed Floor to Ceiling Height : 3.0 m

Assumed clear head height: 2.1 m
3m
2.1m
Fans to be rated minimum of 300C for 1 Hour

(Fläkt Woods fans are 300C for 2 hours)

9 Zones:
4 5 6
2
3 7 8 9

Supply / Extract Shafts:

Supply Air: Zone 1

Supply Air: Zone 2

Supply Air: Zones 4 - 9
4 5 6
2
3 7 8 9

What Happens in an Emergency?

Zones as previous slides
Zone 1 - 3 unidirectional smoke extract
Zones 4 - 9 reversible, allowing extract to nearest point

Control Philosophy
1. Smoke detected
2. ALL fans switch off, EXCEPT the fire zone
3. Fire Zone Main Extract/Supply Fans run to full speed
4. Jet Thrust Fans switch off for safety period
5. Jet Thrust Fans (Fire Zone only) run to full speed
(direction of running dependant on where the smoke is detected)
Example emergency scenarios: eg Zone 5…

Examples shown in Zone 5…

9 Zones:
4 5 6
2
3 7 8 9

Example emergency scenarios: Zone 5
Event 1:
day to day
ventilation
X X
X
Shafts
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan

Event 1: Smoke spreads,

i. fire starts toward extract,
ii. smoke dectected but in layered
iii. Main Extract fashion…
ramps up (and all X
X X
other fans shut
X
down)
Shafts X X X X X X X X X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust X
Fan X X

AIR VELOCITY
CAR FIRE – 3MW
Smoke spreads,
toward extract,
but in layered Assists safe escape UNDER the
fashion… smoke layer
Jet Thrust Fan
JETFAN
entrained air flow
CAR FIRE – 3MW
Jet Thrust Fans then run to full speed to control

smoke spread, and direct toward extract

Event 1:
i. fire starts
ii. smoke dectected
iii. Main Extract
ramps up (and all X
X X
other fans shut
X
down)
Shafts
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust
Fan

Event 2: Smoke spreads,

i. fire starts toward extract,
ii. smoke dectected but in layered
iii. Main Extract on fashion…
and ramps up (and X
X X
all other fans shut
X
down)
Shafts X X X X X X X X X
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust X
Fan X X

Event 2:
iv. Jet Thrust Fans
go to full speed
Shafts
Supply
Extract
Shut off
Jet Thrust X
Fan X X

Design Process
Initial Drawings and Specification from customer
Calculations made on main extract requirements
Philosophy and estimation made on number of JTFs
Approval saught.
On order received - CFD analysis to “prove” the system
Cold smoke tests verify (by others)
Approving Authority certify the system

Maratex Proposal

Maratex Proposal

conclusion
Any Questions???
This presentation and any accompanying notes are copyright of Fläkt Woods Limited and should not be copied or reproduced without
written permission. Please note that figures in this presentation should NOT be applied to any project designs without the express
written permission of Fläkt Woods Limited

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Car Park Ventilation

by Jet Thrust System

Types of Car Parks

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 3

Car Park Types

© Fläkt Woods 2007

Regulations and Standards

 Most systems are designed to UK Building Regulations approved document B & F

 Impulse system design objectives:

• Achieve smoke clearance by dispersal

• Assist fire fighting access

© Fläkt Woods 2007

Open Sided Car Parks

 Completely above ground

© Fläkt Woods 2007

© Fläkt Woods 2007

Naturally Ventilated Car Parks

 2.5% of the floor area provided as permanent wall openings. With at

© Fläkt Woods 2007

© Fläkt Woods 2007

Mechanically Ventilated Car Park

 Normally located Underground

© Fläkt Woods 2007

© Fläkt Woods 2007

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 12

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 13

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 14

traditional supply ducting (NOT car parks):

Supply Air Ducts

air is supplied in a controlled manner

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 15

traditional ducted car park system:

air supply is uncontrolled

traditional ducted car park system:

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 17

• Main extract fans give air change rate

• Supplied air from ramps / openings (or supply fans)

• Jet Thrust Fans control the supplied air

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 18

 Distribution ducting is replaced by a number of small impulse fans

© Fläkt Woods 2007

Jet Thrust Fan installation

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 20

Entrained flow from low level

Jet Thrust Fan - air entrainment

Jet Thrust Fans

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 22

CFD example of a real car park…

isometric view (with roof removed)

CFD analysis to eliminate of ‘dead spots’

shows movement of air around the car park…

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 25

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 26

• Smoke clearance / purging

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 27

© Fläkt Woods 2007 SLIDE 28

• Prevent build up of contaminants:

• Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Nitrous Oxide (NoX)