Basic concept

“Historia est testis temporum, lux veritatis,

vita memoriae, magistra vitae, nuntia
vetustatis”
(History is the witness of time, the light of truth, the essence of
remembrance, the teacher of life, the messenger from times past)

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 to 43 BC)

Fig. Edward Jenner, the ‘founder’ of immunology
Fig. Louis Pasteur, the ‘father’ of immunology
Immunology as a Science
Edward Jenner: vaccination of cowpox  virus inoculation 
protection against variolla/smallpox
Louis Pasteur: vaccination attenuated vaccine
Emil von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato: antibody
Elie Metchnikoff: phagocytosis (sea stars)  macrophages,
neutrophils as phagocytes
Jules Bordet: complement ©
Jean Dausset, George Snell, Baruj Benacerraff:
MHC /HLA
 immunology of transplantation, immune response genes
Renaissance on cellular immunology
H Claman (1960):
 T- B cell cooperation

G Kohler & C Milstein (1975)

 ‘highlights’ on hybridoma technology: monoclonal antibody (mAb)
 single clone with a given specificity, ideal ‘tool’ for the diagnostic
& therapeutic purposes
E Reinherz, P Kung & S Schlossman (1979):
 mAb to CD4 & CD8 molecules

T Mossman & R Coffman (1989):

 Discovery of Th0, Th1 & Th2 clones
Four main tasks of the immune
system
Immunological recognition
 Antigens (pathogens: infections)
Immune effector functions
 C proteins, NK cells, antibodies, cytotoxic lymphocytes
Immune regulation
 Normal-versus abnormal immune responses
Immunological memory
 Secondary/subsequent responses, lasting of immunity
 Bone marrow-derived cells of the immune
Figure 1-3
system
Figure 1-4 part 1 of 3
Figure 1-4 part 2 of 3
Figure 1-4 part 3 of 3
Figure 1-6
CD (cluster of differentiation/cluster designation)
molecules
- Surface markers
- Indicate: functional properties, maturation stage, and lineage identity
- Detected by panel of monoclonal antibodies:
- well documented: CD1 – CD247
- examples:
- CD4+: TH; CD8+: CTL (cytolytic T lymphocyte)
- CD2+ : SRBC receptor; CD19+: B cell
- CD56+: NK cell; CD16+  Fc receptor on NK cell
- CD45+RO: memory T cell; CD45+RA: naïve T cell
- CD14+: macrophage
CD molecules on B cell
CD molecules on T cell
Macrophages are activated by pathogens
through different receptors
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
In Drosophila
melanogaster (fruitfly) :
‘Toll’; mammals: TLR
Several TLRs
Role: activate phagocytes
and tissue dendritic
cells (DC)
Expl.: TLR-4. having
bound LPS, CD14 interacts
with TLRactivation of
transcription factor NF
Lymphoid Organs
Central/primary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes are generated
Bone marrow, thymus, bursa of Fabricius (birds)
Peripheral/secondary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes are maintained
Adaptive immune responses are initiated
Peripheral lymph nodes, incl. MALT (Mucosa-associated
lymphoid tissue): GALT, BALT, NALT, LALT, TALT, OALT,
DALT  mucosal immunity
Peripheral lymph nodes
 Spleen
Figure 1-9
MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues)

B
T
G
A
L
T
T
cell
BAL
T
 Intest.villi

FAE
Dome area

B-cell
follicle

T-cell area

Fig. H-E staining of GALT. Both B-and T cells are stained positively
Antibody:
molecular structure of immunoglobulin
How B- and T cells recognise antigenic molecules?
Function of antibody molecule
Responses to T-dependent antigens
beneficial versus harmful immune responses
Concluding remarks:
Innate versus Adaptive Responses
Innate
First line of defense; direct attack; nonspecific fashion
Adaptive
Second line ofdefense; clonal expansion  effector
function(humoral and cellular); latter, but specific
responses; prevents reinfection, generates memory cells
 Immune Infection Duration of
responses  response

Phases of the immune response

response
Innate IR Inf lam, Compl (C) minutes days
act, phagocytosis,
destruct of
pathogens

APC-T cells act T hours days

cells
Activ Ag-spec B cells hours days

Formation of effect days weeks

and memory T cells

Adaptive IR T-B interaction, eff B days weeks

(plasma) cells,
memory B, Ab prod

Emigration of a few days weeks

effector Lymphoytes
from lymphoid
organs

Effector cells and a few days weeks

Abs eliminate
pathogens

Immunologic Maintenance days to weeks can be lifelong

memory memory B/T cells,
protection to
reinfection