Presentation on

“Separation Axioms”

School of Studies in Mathematics

PRSU Raipur(C.G.)
Presented by:-
Annu Sonkar (04)
Ayushi Agrawal(05)
Chetan Patel(06)
 Contents:-
Introduction
 T0 space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T1 Space

 T1 Space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T1 Space

T2 Space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T2 Space
 T3 space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T3 Space

 T4 Space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T4 Space

 T5 Space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Examples
 Theorems based on T5 Space

T3½ Space:-
 Definition and Pictorial Representation
 Theorems based on T3½ Space
Introduction:-
“Alexandroff” and “Hopf” Postulated the “separation axioms” as
“Ti-spaces” where {i=0,1,2,3,4,5}. The letter “Ti” is developed from the
german word “Ternnugs”.

In Particular the different spaces are named thus:-

T0- Spaces Or Kolmogorov spaces

T1- Spaces Or Accessible Or Quasi separated Or Frechet spaces

T2- Spaces Or Housedroff spaces

T3- Spaces (Regular spaces)
T4- Spaces (Normal spaces)
T5- Spaces (Completely Normal Spaces)
T3½ - Spaces (Tychonoff Spaces)
  “T0 SPACES” OR “KOLMOGOROV SPACES”
Definition:- A Topological space (X,T) is said to be “T0-Space” Or “T0 -
Topology” Or “T0 axiom of Separation” iff for given any pair of distinct elements
x and y of X; there exists a nbd of one of them,not containing the other.
In other words,
for all , x , y є X , x ≠ y
So,
Either there exists an open set G єT Such that , x є G, y does not belongs to G
OR there exists open set H єT such that, x does not belongs to H, Y є H
Pictorial Representation:-
(X,T)

G H
x y
or
Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete space” is a T0 – space.
2. If X={a,b} and T= {Ø,{a},X} .then ,(X,T) is a T0-space.
•Note that:-
(a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T0-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T0- space.

(c)If (X,T) is a “Cofinite Topological space” then,it is a T0-space.

(d) The space “(R,U)” is a T0-space.

Theorems Based On T0-space:-
1) Let T and ρ be two Topologies on a non-empty set X ,and let ρ be finer than T.
show that, if T is a T0-space,so is ρ.
2) The property of being a T0-space is preserved under one-one mappings and
Hence ,it is a “Topological Property”.OR (The “Homeomorphic Image” of T0-
space is a T0-space) OR (The property of being a T0-space is “Topological
Property”.)
3) 3. Every subspace of a T0-space is a T0-space. And Hence the Property is
“Hereditary” OR (The Property of being a T0-space is “Hereditary Property”).
 “T1-spaces” OR “Frechet spaces”
Definition:- A Topological space (X,T) is said to be “T1-space” Or “T1-
Topology” Or “T1 Axiom of separation” iff for every distinct pair x,y of X,
there exists open sets G and H s.t.
x є G , y does not belongs to G AND x does not belongs to H , y є H
•Note that:- The Open Sets G and H are “not necessarly” Disjoint.
Pictorial Representation:-
(X,T)

G H
x y
Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete Topological space with two or more points” is a T1-space.
2. If X={a,b,c} and T= {Ø,X {a},{b},{c},{a,b}}. Then,(X,T) is a T1-space.
•Note that:-
(a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T1-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T1- space.

(c)If (X,T) is a “Cofinite Topological space” then,it is a T1-space.

(d) The space “(R,U)” is a T1-space.

•Remark:-

“Every T1-space is a T0-space. But, Converse need not be true.”

For example:-
If X={a,b,c} and T= {Ø,{a},{b},{a,b},X} .then ,(X,T) is a T0-space. But (X,T) is not a
T1-space. Because ,for a,c є X there exists an open set {a} s.t. aє{a} and “c” does
not belongs to {a}.
But ,there does not exists any open set {c} s.t. “a” does not belongs to {c} .but
cє{c}
Theorems Based On T1-space:-
1) A Topological space (X,T) is a T1-space iff “every singleton subset” {x} of X is
“closed”. OR In a T1-space , all “Finite sets” are "closed.”

2) Every subspace of a T1-space is a T1-space. And Hence the Property is “Hereditary”

OR (The Property of being a T1-space is “Hereditary Property”).

3) The property of being a T1-space is preserved under one-one mappings and

Hence ,it is a “Topological Property”.OR (The “Homeomorphic Image” of T1-space
is a T1-space) OR (The property of being a T1-space is “Topological Property”).
4) If (X,T) be a Topological space .then ,the following statements are equivalent:-(a)
(X,T) is a T1-space .
(b)Every singleton subset {x} is closed.
(c)Every finite subset of X is closed.
8) Let T and ρ be two Topologies on a non-empty set X ,and let ρ be finer than T.
show that, if T is a T1-space,so is ρ.

9) Every “Finite T1-space” is “Discrete”.

 “T2-SPACES” OR “Housedroff SPACES”

Definition:- A Topological space (X,T) is said to be “T2-space” Or

“Housedroff space” Or “T2 Axiom of separation” Or “Separated space” iff for

every pair of distinct points x and y in X ,there exists disjoint nbds of x

and y; i.e. there exists a nbd “N” of “x” and “M” of “y” s.t. N ∩ M=Ø

Pictorial Representation:-

N M
x y

N ∩ M= Ø
 Examples:-
1. Every “Discrete space” is a T2 -space.
2. If X={1,2,3} and T={{1},{2},{3},{1,2},{2,3},{1,3},X,Ø} Then, (X,T) is a T2-space.

But, If X={1,2,3} and T={X, Ø,{1,2}} Then, The space (X,T) is not a T2-space.

Note that:-
(a) An “Indiscrete space” is not a T2-space.
(b)Every “Metric space” is a T2- space.

(c)If (X,T) is a “Cofinite Topological space” then,it is not a T2-space.

•Remark:-
“Every T2-space is a T1-space .but, Converse need not be true.”
For example:- “Cofinite Toplogical Space” ,Which is a T1-space ,but
not a T2-space.
Theorems Based On T2-space:-
1) Every “Singleton subset” of a T2-space is “Closed”.
2) Every subspace of a Housedroff space is a Housedroff space. And Hence

the Property is “Hereditary” OR (The Property of being a T2-space is

“Hereditary Property”).

3) Every “Finite Housedroff space” is “Discrete”.

4) The property of being a T2-space is preserved under one-one mappings

and Hence ,it is a “Topological Property”.OR (The “Homeomorphic

Image” of T2-space is a T2-space) OR (The property of being a T2-space is

“Topological Property”).

5) Every Convergent Seq. in a Housedroff space,has a “Unique” Limit.

6) Let T and ρ be two Topologies on a non-empty set X ,and let ρ be finer
than T. show that, if T is a T2-space,so is ρ.
T3-Spaces
Regular Space:-
Definition :- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is regular iff for
every closed set F and every point x ∉ F there are open sets
U, V ⊂ X such that x ∈ U, F ⊂ V and U ∩ V = ∅.
T3-Space:- A regular T1 space is called a T3 space.
Pictorial Representation:-

X
Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
regular space but not a T3 space.
Theorems Based On T3-space :-
1) Every metric space is regular(T3)
2) The space (R,U) is T3.
3) The property of a space being a regular space is topological
property or topological invariant.
4) Regularity of topological space is hereditary.
5) Every compact Hausdorff space is a T3-space.
6) Every T3 space is a T2 space.
7) A topological space is regular iff each open nbd of an
element x∈ X, contains the closure of another open nbd of
x.
T4-Spaces
Normal Space:-
Definition :- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is normal iff for each
pair E, F of disjoint closed subsets of X, there is a pair U, V of
disjoint open subsets of X such that E ⊂ U, F ⊂ V and U ∩ V = ∅.

T4-Space:- A normal T1 space is called a T4 space.

Pictorial Representation:-

X
 Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
normal space but not a T4 space.
Theorems Based On T4-space :-
1) A topological space X is normal iff for any closed set F and open set
G containing F, there exists an open set V such that
F ⊂ V ⊂ ¯V ⊂ G
2) A closed subspace of a normal space is normal.
3) The property of being a T4-space is hereditary.
4) Every metric space is normal(T4).
5) Every compact Hausdorff space is normal(T4).
6) Uryshon’s Lemma:- Let F1, F2 be any pair of disjoint closed sets in a
normal space X. then there exists a continuous map f : X→[0,1]
such that f(x)=0 for x ∈ F1 and f(x)=1 for x ∈ F2.
7) Tietze extension theorem:- The space X is normal iff every
continuous real function f defined on a closed subspace F of X into
closed interval [a,b] has a continuous extension f* : X →[a,b].
T5-Spaces
Completely Normal Space:-
Definition:- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is said to be completely
normal iff for any two separated subsets E and F of X, there exist
open set U and V such that E ⊂ U, F ⊂ V and U ∩ V = ∅.
Separated sets:- Two sets E and F are separated sets if
E ≠ ∅, F ≠ ∅, ¯E ∩ F = ∅, E ∩ ¯F = ∅
T5-Space:- A completely normal T1 space is called a T5 space.
Pictorial Representation:-
X
Example:-
Let X = {a,b,c} and let Ƭ = {∅, {a}, {b,c}, X}. Then (X,Ƭ) is a
completely normal space but not a T5 space.
Theorems Based On T4-space:-
1) Every completely normal space is normal and hence every
T5-space is a T4-space.
2) Every homeomorphic image of a completely normal space is
completely normal.
3) Every metric space is completely normal.
4) The property of space being completely normal is
hereditary.
5) A topological space is completely normal iff every subspace
is normal.
Tychonoff Spaces
Completely Regular Space:-
Definition :- A topological space (X,Ƭ) is completely regular
iff for each x ∈ X and each closed set C ⊂ X so that x ∉ C, there
is a continuous function f : X → [0, 1] such that f(x) = 0 and f(C) =
1.
Tychonoff Space:- Completely regular T1 spaces are
called Tychonoff or T3½ spaces.
Pictorial Representation:-
X
.x C

f R
│ │
0 1
Theorems:-
1) A completely regular space is regular and hence a
Tychonoff space is a T3-space.
2) Every T4-space is a Tychonoff space.
3) The property of a space being a completely regular space
is topological property or topological invariant.
4) The property of space being completely regular is
hereditary.
Referance:-

Dr. H.K. Pathak and J.P. Chauhan, Topology.

Published by:-

Shree Shiksha Sahitya Prakashan

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