The Future of ICE Motorcycles

The future of ICE motorcycles 1
Energy transition

Energy transition
Pressure in society to abandon carbon
based fuels
- Climate change / Paris Agreement /
COP26 Declaration
- Polution
- Geo-political reasons
- Costs The future of ICE motorcycles 3
Energy transition
Reactions authorities (1)
1. Cities/regions: Low/Zero Emission
Zones
2. Tax increases/benefits
3. EU: Green Deal/Fit for 55 package
4. UK: ban new ICE vehicles per
2035. The future of ICE motorcycles 4
Energy transition
5. Switzerland: Zero CO2 emission
in 2050, no concrete deadlines
for vehicles
6. Norway: ban new ICE vehicles
per 2025.
Energy transition
7. France (EU presidency in 2022)
transport minister Jean-Baptiste
Djebbari: all vehicles 0-emission
in 2035. Electric is most affordable.
1000000 charging points in France.
Emissions
Fit for 55
• EU in 2050 CO2-neutral.
• Reduction of emissions around 55% per 2030.
• GHG reduction target of 13% by 2030 for the
transport sector.
• Revised Energy Taxation Directive will have a
minimum tax on energy products like fuels for
transport and buildings.
• The Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation will
ensure the necessary deployment of interoperable
Emissions
Fit for 55 – How:
• Emission Trading System (ETS)
• Internalisation of external costs (“smart” pricing)
• Revision of roadworthiness inspections
• Deployment of the necessary recharging and refuelling
infrastructure
• Measures to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution in
urban areas
• Pricing measures such as infrastructure charging
• Other measures incentivising behavioural change
• Further measures related to intelligent transport
Emissions
2. Fit for 55 what does this mean
(1):
• In 2035 all new sold cars and vans must have 0%
CO2 tailpipe emissions. Before that, tailpipe
emissions of cars and vans must be reduced with
respectively 55% and 50% (on the average fleet)
from 2030.
• EC SWDs/impact assessments: battery-electric
vehicles is by far the most economic, clean and
affordable solution.
Emissions
3. Fit for 55 what does this mean
(2):
• However: DG MOVE Deputy Director-General
Maja Bakran: “We are looking for the best mix, not
only electric.” (PoliticoLive 15/11/2021)
• Resistance from EP and Council
• Industry: “We see more options, like e-fuels, bio-
fuels, hydrogen.”
• Euractive: “The EU is preparing to launch an EU-
Emissions
3. UK plan to ban vehicles with ICE
per 2035
• The sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans will
be phased out by 2030, and all new cars and vans
will be fully zero emission at the tailpipe from
2035.
• Zero-emission means battery electric, arguments as
in EU.
• Phase out date of 2035, or earlier for the sale of
Emissions
What does zero CO2 tailpipe emission
mean?
- Zero CO tailpipe emission: no ICE (except hydrogen)
2
- Zero well-to-wheel emission: leaves room for other
techniques

Emissions
Remarks Staff
1. UK and EU plans are not technology
neutral.
- Zero tailpipe emissions means that alternative
techniques and fuels are excluded. Not the ICE is the
problem but fossil fuels.
- Technical developments.
- Long transition period, risk of Hava na effect.
2. Who will pay the price?
Alternatives
- Fossil fuels
- Battery electric
- Hydrogen
- E-fuels
- Biofuels
Fossil fuels
Petrol, Diesel, LPG, CNG, LNG
- Existing infrastructure
- Existing techniques
- Comparably cheap
- High CO2 emission, pollution
- Geo-politics
Electricity
- Clean where used
- Charging infrastructure to be
developed
- Batteries are expensive, heavy, raw
materials rare and problems with
mining.
- Capacity of the grid
- Electricity plants can have high
Hydrogen
- Grey/blue= fossil fuel
- Green = e-hydrogen
- ICE (e-fuel) or fuelcell
- Existing infrastructure not
practicable (for vehicles)
- No CO2 emission (but: NOX)
- Cooperation Kawasaki &
Biofuels
- Renewable fuel
- Well-to-wheel Zero-CO2
- Can be used with existing
infrastructure and technique.
- Food crop - non food crop (land use)
- Expensive
Development of Biofuels

Bio-fuels

Biofuels
- 1st generation or conventional biofuels
- Feedstock (sugar beets, sugar cane,
starch based (“corn”), oil-bearing crops,
animal fat)
- Competes with food production

Biofuels
- 2nd generation or advanced biofuels
- Non-food crops, agricultural and forest
residues.
- 3 primary building blocks: cellulose,
hemicellulose or lignin
- Under development including cellulosic
ethanol, biomethanol, DMF, Bio-DME, Fischer-
Tropsch diesel, mixed alcohols and wood diesel.
Biofuels
- 3rd generation or synthetic biofuels
- Synthesized from gases made by thermal
gasification of biomass (algae), e.g.
- Fischer-Tropsch fuels: Fuels for compression-ignition
(=Diesel) engines or spark ignition (gasoline) engines, also
named BtL fuels (“Biomass to Liquid” fuels).
- SNG, synthetic natural gas produced by thermochemical
processes.
- Dimethyl ether (DME), a gaseous fuel for compression-
ignition engines. The future of ICE motorcycles 24
Biofuels
- 4th generation biofuels (1)
1. Genetically modified algae & cyanobacteria.
- Still in testing phase
- High photon-to-fuel conversion efficiency
(PFCE)
- High environmental and health related risks
- Disposal of residue is also an item
- By products may cause the risk of lateral gene
transfer. The future of ICE motorcycles 25
Biofuels
- 4th generation biofuels (2)
2. Direct conversion from solar to fuel using
genetically modified microorganisms.
- Still in testing phase
- High photon-to-fuel conversion efficiency
(PFCE)
- High environmental and health related risks

Biofuels
- (4th generation biofuels) –
Conclusion:
Biofuel is the main alternative to fossil fuel as
the future’s green combustible source. However,
- biofuel production does not economically
compete with petroleum-based fuel, and
- the sustainability of the FGB in terms of
economic and environmental impacts are still
E-fuels

E-
fuels - Renewable fuel
- Well-to-wheel Zero-CO2
- Demands a lot of energy to make
- Expensive (14 times fossil fuels,
in 2050 still 2-4 times)
E-
fuelsE-fuels are also called:
• electrofuels,
• power-to-X (PtX),
• power-to-liquids (PtL),
• power-to-gas (PtG) and
• synthetic fuels.

E-fuels
e-methane (CH4)*
e-hydrogen (H2) Gas
e-ammonia (NH3)
e-DME (dimethyl ether, C2H6O)
e-methanol (CH3OH)* Liquid
e-OME (oxymethylene ether,
H3CO(CH2O)nCH3)
e-gasoline*The future of ICE motorcycles 32
E-fuels
- E-Hydrogen is most well known,
but in its pure form hard to handle
- Several projects
- Landsvirkjun - Port of Rotterdam
(Hydrogen/Ammonia)
- Porsche – Siemens in Chile
E-
fuels
Conclusion
- Although promissing there are
drawbacks because of high
energy use
- Expensive!
Crediting system

Crediting system
- Production of renewable fuels
- Renewable fuels are supplied to customers at the fuelling station
(typically as blend)
- Renewable fuel credits are issued and entered into the Union database
- OEM (automotive manufacturer) buys credits from the fuel supplier
and reports them to the Union database – accounting separation
between credits counted towards RED obligation and CO2 standards for
new vehicles to avoid double counting
- OEM requests crediting against fleet targets – authorities verify the
number of credits bought by OEM
- Equivalent reduction amount of CO2 saved by renewable fuels from the
CO2 emission standards of the OEM
Conclusions (1):
- There are several alternatives for the
transition from fossil fuels to CO2-neutral
fuels: battery or fuel cell electricity,
biofuels, e-fuels.
- Both with present and forecasted
techniques, (battery) electric propelled
vehicles are the most economical way, both
in terms of money and energy consumption.
Conclusions (2):
- However, there are other aspects that need
consideration:
- Progress in development of renewable fuels
is still possible, but this needs a legal and
political structure.
- 4th generation biofuels techniques can also be
used to clean wastewater.
- Transition of the complete vehicle park to
electric will take a very long time (Havana)
Havana effect
Conclusions (3):
- Renewable fuels can be used in the existing
vehicle park, which means a direct effect on
the CO2 emission.
- To concentrate on just one alternative is risk
full.
- Present plans do not consider emotions. For
many motorcyclists and motorists, the nature
of the internal combustion engine is an
essential part of the experience.
Conclusions (4):
- There is no reason to ban the sales of new
ICE motorcycles when alternative
renewable fuels are available.
- The problem is not the combustion engine
but fossil fuels, so policy should be directed
at that and not at banning ICE motorcycles.
- Electric motorcycles and ICE motorcycles
can exist side-by-side.
Thank you for your
attention!
Any questions?
More on www.femamotorcycling.eu
dolfwilligers@femamotorcycling.eu

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