EFFECT OF MATERIAL WASTE ON COST OF CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA

ALABI-AKUGBE S.O.
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ILARO
EMAIL: ALABIA1@FEDERAL POLY.ILARO.EDU.NG
08033765440
OLUBODUN M.E.
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ILARO
EMAIL: ALABIA1@FEDERAL POLY.ILARO.EDU.NG
 
 INTRODUCTION
• The Nigerian construction industry is one of the largest in terms of economic expenditure, second to
agriculture.
• Investment in the industry accounts for nearly 11 percent of Nigerian's gross domestics product (GDP)
likely to increase in the upcoming years (larner m, 2007)
• However, design, operational, procurement and material handling activities lead to material waste, which
consume time and effort without adding values to client

• This reveals that in construction - material, manpower, finance plays a crucial role where
building materials account for 60 to 70% of the project cost. lamer m (2007),
 LITERATURE REVIEW
• ESTIMATING MATERIALS
 Construction materials range from the big items such as concrete, steel, timber, gravels, blocks, electrical
and plumbing
 Purchase at a peak or slack time of the year for the manufacturer material availability and scarcity.
 The size of the order
 The delivery time frame requirement
 Physical requirements for delivery, such as distance, roads size, or site access
 Payment terms and history on previous purchases sole-source items
 Exchange rates (if the material will imported from outside) interest rate (if the materials have to be bought
with credit facility). oyedele (2015)
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• ESTIMATING EQUIPMENT (PLANT AND MACHINERY)

• Equipment costs: equipment rates depend on the project conditions to determine the correct size or capacity
of equipment required to perform the work.
• COST ESTIMATE
• This is the approximation of the cost of a project. the cost estimate is the rough approximation of cost
within a reasonable range of values, prepared for information purpose
• ESTIMATING INDIRECT COSTS:

Indirect costs consist of labor, material, and equipment items required to support the overall project. for the
owner: design fees, permits, land acquisition costs, legal fees, administration costs
• CREATING INDIRECT COST ACCOUNT:
• Indirect cost may be treated as part of the code of accounts for a project, used to assign a cost to each cost
account based on the size, type of conduct and maybe a long list.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

•PERCENTAGE:
•a percentage can be developed as a multiplier from a local data base or from published cost manuals and applied to direct cost to get indirect cost .
•GOVERNMENT STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS LIKE NOTICE BORDS:

• Public relations etc. should also be added.

•SPECIAL CONDUCTIONS:
• Where there is more than one project on site, costs should be shared among them so that the there is no “double-dipping”. (babalola, and
aladegbaiye, 2006).
• MANAGEMENT FUNCTION
•for any kind of organization to run smoothly, it needs to implement core management concepts. this necessitates that the four management
functions-planning, organizing, leading and controlling be precisely understood. according to kondalkar(2007),
•the above following are the four types of management function.
• PLANNING
•planning is the process used by managers to identify and select appropriate goals and courses of action for an organization. there are steps to good
planning:
 METHODOLOGY

Respondent profession Frequency Percentage

Architect 9 18%

Builder 14 28%

Quantity Surveyor 6 12%

Civil Engineer 5 10%

Urban and Regional Planner 13 26%

TOTAL 50 100%
ction

METHODOLOGY

S/N Effect of material waste on cost of construction N Mean Rank

1 Each construction site dispose about 10% of material on site 48 4.4583 3

2 Waste are generated at every stage of construction on most site 48 4.3542 4

3 Waste generated on the construction site amount to about 12% of the total cost of construction 48 4.1458 5

4 The bill of quantities provides for 5% of the total cost of waste 48 4.5208 2
 

5 Wastage material on construction site leads to an increase in cost of construction 48 2.8333 6

6 There should be provision for waste management on every construction site 48 4.6250 1
What are the principles and procedures of good waste management?
Table 3

METHODOLOGY

S/N principles and procedures of good waste management N Mean Rank

1 Inspection of materials 48 3.6250 4

2 Carrying out materials strength test 48 3.6458 3
3 Adequate monitory during production 48 3.6250 4

4 Employing experience labors in carrying out the work 48 3.7708 2

5 Timely placing of orders for materials 48 2.8333 7

6 Materials return to be submitted weekly 48 3.3750 6

7 Determine the daily allocation of materials on site 48 4.3333 1

 CONCLUSION
• from the result of the analysis, it should be noted that material waste on construction site eventually
leads to an increase in the cost of construction, following factors which are provision for waste on
every construction site, the bill of quantities provide for 5% of the total cost of waste, each
construction site dispose about 10% of materials on site which is above what was provided, waste are
generated at every stage of construction on most site and waste generated amount to about 12.5% of
the total cost of construction which indicate that material wastage affects the cost of construction.
moreover factors contributing to the wastage of material on construction site are poor storage
facilities, lack of information about type and size of materials on design documents, work place
becoming overcrowded, damage of materials due to deficient stock piling and handling of materials,
ordering of material that do not fulfill project requirements defined on design documents, too much
distance between the material and work place and insufficient quality supply.
 RECOMMENDATION

•There should be an excellent storage facility for all site material from the inception to the execution and
completion of project. proper schedule of material to be used on site for particular activity must be
accessed and estimated by the quantity surveyor so as to avoid bringing materials in higher quantity than
required. there should be continuous weekly check. proper supervision should be enhance at all stages to
meet the required specification adequate security measures should be put in place adequate quality control
measures must be taken such as inspection of materials as they are supply during all stages. employing a
material engineer is essential so as to ensure that exact quantity of material are purchased and used.
•