CHAPTER 3

SOLUTION AND SOLUBILITY

溶液与溶解性
 CHAPTER 3
3.1 Introduction

3.2 Solution, Suspension, Emulsion and

Colloids

3.3 Dissolution of Solute

3.4 Types of Saturations

3.5 Solubility

3.6 Concentrations of Solution

3.7 Crystallisation of Substance in Water

 混合物 纯净物

3.1
INTRODUCTION

均匀系 非均匀系 化合物 单质

混合物（溶液） 混合物
3.2 SOLUTION, SUSPENSION,
EMULSION AND COLLOIDS

SUSPENSION
悬浮液

SOLUTION
溶液

COLLOIDS
胶体溶液

EMULSION
乳浊液
 SOLUTION （溶液）
❑ Solution is a homogeneous mixture 均匀系混合物
Solute （溶质） = Substance that can dissolve in a liquid
Solvent （溶剂） = Liquid that dissolves a substance
Solution （溶液） = Mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent
❑ Solute is uniformly dispersed 均匀分散 in solvent
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUTION （溶液的特性）

• Solution has a uniform （均一） colour and appearance

• Solution appear transparent （透明 ） (tiny size of the solute
particles allows light to pass through the solution)
• No residue left when a solution is filtered
• Stable （稳定） in all sort of conditions

溶液是均一、透明、稳定的混合物
• 在我们生活当中，很多物质 ( 固体 , 液体或气体 ) 能够溶解在水中。

固体溶于液体 蔗糖溶于水，食盐溶于水
• 例子：
液体溶于液体 醋酸溶于水，酒精溶于水

气体溶于液体 汽水，氯气消毒水，氧气融入水中供生物呼吸
 想一想

如果在溶液中，如果只有一种液体 (LIQUID) 物质，那么这种液体物

质就是溶剂 (SOLVENT) ，其余的都为溶质 (SOLUTE)

如果溶液中有水，那么水是溶剂 (SOLVENT)

如果两种液体相溶（没有水），一般把量多 (MORE AMOUNT) 的一种

叫溶剂 (SOLVENT) ，量少 (LESS AMOUNT) 的一种叫溶质
(SOLUTE)
Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 高锰酸钾

Solute Solvent Solution

A tablespoon of salt is added to water to form saltwater

Solute = salt

Solvent = water

Solution = saltwater
 SUSPENSION （悬浮液）

• Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture ( 非均匀系混合物） formed from

undissolved solute particles in a solvent （含有不溶性固体小颗粒悬浮其中）
• Examples: Muddy water, chalk powder in water
• Suspended particles are slightly visible (not transparent) and will
settle over time if left undisturbed
CHARACTERISTICS OF SUSPENSION （悬浮液的特性）

• Suspension appears cloudy

• Opaque 不透明 (size of particle in a suspension is large enough to
prevent light from passing through the suspension)
• Suspension will settle if left undisturbed （不稳定） and leave a
residue when filtered
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOLUTIONS AND SUSPENSIONS

溶液 悬浮液
均一 不均一

透明 不透明

不稳定

蒸发 过滤
 EMULSION （乳浊液）

• Emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are

normally immiscible 不相溶
• Example ： Water and vegetable oil 菜油与水
• Non-soluble to each other (see two distinct layer)
• Oil is less dense than water and float on top of water
• When you shake the mixture, oil breaks up into droplets
and become dispersed through the water
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMULSION （乳浊液的特性）

• Not transparent 不透明

• Not uniform 不均一
• Not stable 不稳定 (If the mixture is allowed to stand, the oil and
water will soon separate 分离 )

Emulsifier （乳化剂） can be added to

stabilise it
Example: Egg yolk is a natural emulsifier
added to hold the vinegar and vegetable oil
together in mayonnaise
 名称 溶液 悬浮液 乳浊液
形成过程 固体，液体与气 固体颗粒分散在 小液滴分散在液体
体溶解在液体中 液体中 中
稳定性 稳定 不稳定 不稳定
长期放置 均一，稳定 下沉 上浮
颗粒大小 直径 <1nm 直径 >0.1µm 直径 >0.1µm
他们之间 溶液中的每一部 悬 浮 液 中 悬 浮 和 乳浊液中含有互不
有什么不 分都相同 沉 淀 有 不 少 固 体 相容的多种液体成
同? 物质 分

注： 1 µm = 1000 nm
 想一想：溶液，悬浮液与乳浊液

日常生活中你遇到过那些溶液，悬浮液和乳浊液 ?
• 溶液 : 白酒，白醋，澄清石灰水，蔗糖溶液，碘酒
（碘，碘化钾，碘化钠溶于酒精）
• 悬浮液 : 泥浆水，淀粉与水的混合物
• 乳浊液 : 牛奶，石油原油，橡胶的乳胶
 COLLOIDAL SOLUTION （胶体溶液）

• Mixture of one or more solutes dispersed evenly in a solvent

• Neither form a clear mixture nor precipitate (intermediate between a
solution and suspension)
• Size of the particle in colloid must be larger than the size of a molecule
but smaller than what can be seen with the naked eye (1-100 nm)
HOW TO DETERMINE A MIXTURE IS COLLOIDAL OR NOT?

• Tyndall effect （丁达尔效应）

• When light is shined through a true solution, the light passes cleanly
through the solution
• However, when light is passed through a colloidal solution, the
substance in the dispersed phases scatters the light in all directions,
making it readily seen

当一束平行光线通过胶体溶液时，从垂直于光束的方向，
可观察到有一条光亮的“通路”，该现象称为“丁达尔效
应” (Tyndall effect)
 3.3
DISSOLUTION
OF SOLUTE
 ENERGY CHANGES IN DISSOLVING SOLUTE
▪ When water is used to dissolve a solute, the water molecules attract to the
particles of the solute causing the particles to separate from each other by
overcoming the attraction force between solute particles
▪ The process of dissolving can be endothermic (heat absorbed) or exothermic
(heat released)
▪ Endothermic reaction: Dissolving of ammonium nitrate ( 硝酸铵 ) in water
⮚ Absorb heat during dissolving causing the a decrease in the temperature of
the solution

▪ Exothermic reaction: Dissolving of nitric acid ( 硝酸 ) or sodium hydroxide

( 氢氧化钠 ) in water
⮚ Release heat during dissolving causing an increase in the temperature of the
solution

▪ However, there is still some compounds which do not show significant changes
in the temperature change
endothermic

exothermic

exothermic

exothermic
 EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN DISSOLVING A SOLUTE

▪ Water is known as the universal solvent （万能溶剂） due to its ability to

dissolve almost all substances
▪ Water is used as a solvent in domestic use and also as a raw material in the
manufacturing industry, agriculture and medicine
 EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN DISSOLVING A SOLUTE

▪ Not all compounds are soluble in water

▪ Some compounds are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents 有机溶
剂 (carbon-based)
 3.5
SOLUBILITY （溶解度）
 SOLUBILITY （溶解度）

在一定温度下，某物质在 100g 溶剂中无法再继续溶解时所溶解的

质 量，就是这种物质在这种溶剂里的溶解度 (solubility)
⮚ At 20 °C, 30 g of potassium nitrate can dissolve in 100 g of water. So, the
solubility of potassium nitrate in the water at 20 °C is 30 g/ 100 g water.

⮚ At 20 °C, 100 g of water can only dissolve a maximum of 34 g of potassium

chloride. So, the solubility of potassium chloride in water at 20 °C is 34 g/ 100
g water.
 SOLUBILITY （溶解度）

Factors affect the solubility of a solute:

▪ The type of solute 溶质的种类

▪ The type of solvent 溶剂的种类
▪ Temperature 温度
▪ Pressure 压强
 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY
OF A SUBSTANCE
⮚ The solubility of most solids is greater as temperature
increases (except calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙 )

⮚ This means that solutions usually can contain more dissolved

solute at higher temperatures.

⮚ For example, when you add sugar to iced tea, some

undissolved sugar may form on the bottom of the glass. But
if you add sugar to hot tea, many teaspoons of sugar needed
before solid sugar appears. Hot tea dissolves more sugar than
does cold tea because the solubility of sugar is much greater
at a higher temperature.
 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY OF A
SUBSTANCE

⮚ The solubility of a gas in water decreases as the

temperature increases (but increases when pressure
increases)

⮚ For example, you can observe the bubbles escaping from

a cold carbonated drink as it warms. At high temperatures,
bottles containing carbonated solutions may burst as more
gas molecules leave the solution and increase the gas
pressure inside the bottle.
Experiment
 SOLUBILITY CURVE AND INTERPRETATION

▪ Solubility curve （溶解度曲线图）– a graphical

relationship between the solubility and temperature
▪ The solubility of a given substance at a given temperature
can be determined from its solubility curve

What can be determined from the solubility curve?

1. Determine the amount of substance deposited when the
solution is cooled.
2. Determine the solubilities of different substances at a
particular temperature
 SOLUBILITY CURVE AND INTERPRETATION

The curve of the solute move:

a. Upward
⮚mean the solubility of the solute
increased with the temperature
increased

b. Downward
⮚mean the solubility of the solute
decreased with the temperature
increased
 如何读图？
1. 硝酸钠和硝酸钾溶解度曲线出现
相交，交点表示的意思时

————————————————

2. 溶解度曲线上任意一点表示的意
思是

————————————————
 答案
1. 曲线上的交点表示的是某
温度下，该物质的溶解度
相同

2. 曲线上任何一点表示某温
度下该物质的溶解度
 3.4
TYPES OF
SATURATIONS
 SATURATED, UNSATURATED AND SUPERSATURATED
SOLUTION
▪ A solution does not contain the maximum amount of solute we call this
solution an unsaturated solution ( 不饱和溶液 )
▪ A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve is saturated solution ( 饱和溶液 )
▪ Supersaturated solution ( 过饱和溶液 ) is a solution that contains more
than the maximum amount of solute that is capable to dissolve at a
given temperature.
 SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION

▪ Because of the amount of solute in a supersaturated solution is more than

its maximum capacity to dissolve the solute, the supersaturated solution is
unstable, and the excess solute normally precipitates out of solution.
However, in some cases, if left undisturbed, a supersaturated solution can
exist for an extended period.
▪ For example: A single crystal of sodium acetate is added into a
supersaturated sodium acetate solution. The seed crystal ( 晶种 ) will cause
the excess solute to rapidly crystallize ( 结晶 ) from the solution.
 PREPARATION OF SATURATED SOLUTION
▪ Prepared by continuously adding the solute to the solution until a stage is reached
where the solute appears as a solid precipitate or as crystals
▪ Procedure:
1. Initially, the added sugar dissolves as the solution is stirred.
2. Finally, as more sugar has added, a point is reached where the added sugar can no
longer dissolve with continuous stirring.
3. The solution is saturated.
 HOW TO INTERPRET THE SOLUBILITY CURVE

▪ The curve shows the no. of grams of solute in a

saturated solution containing 100 g of water at a
certain temperature
▪ Any amount of solute below the line indicates the
solution is unsaturated at a certain temperature
▪ Any amount above the line in which:
⮚ All the solute is dissolved, the solution is
supersaturated.
⮚ Some of the solutes is not dissolved, the solution
is saturated.
Mdissolved = Mtotal – Msettled
 3.6
CONCENTRATIONS OF
SOLUTION ( 溶液的浓度 )
 CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTION ( 溶液的浓度 )

▪ The concentration ( 浓度 ) of a solution can be expressed either

qualitatively or quantitatively. The terms dilute 稀 and concentrated 浓
are used to describe a solution qualitatively. However, the terms dilute
and concentrated are not specific enough to express the amount of
solute present in the given amount of solvent.
▪ Hence, we use several different ways to express concentration in
quantitative terms. We examine the mass percentage ( 质量百分比浓
度 ) in this section.
DILUTE SOLUTION, CONCENTRATED SOLUTION AND SATURATED
SOLUTION
⮚ The amount of solute in a solution affects the concentration of the solution.
⮚ The solutions formed can be classified as a dilute solution ( 稀溶液 ), concentrated
solution ( 浓溶液 ), and saturated solution ( 饱和溶液 )
MASS PERCENT OF SOLUTION ( 溶液的质量百分比浓度 )

OR

(The units of mass of the solute and solution must be the same)

 
 MASS PERCENT OF SOLUTION ( 溶液的质量百分比浓度 )

⮚ For example, the mass percentage of sodium chloride in medical

physiological saline water ( 医用生理盐水 ) is 0.9 %. This
means that every 100 g of saline water contains 0.9 g of sodium
chloride.

⮚ The larger the mass percentage, the larger the amount of solute
dissolve in the fixed amount of solvent, and the concentration of
the solution also becomes higher.
Example:

What is the mass percentage of a solution prepared by dissolving 30 g of

NaOH in 120 g of H2O?

Given: Mass of solute = 30 g of NaOH Mass of solvent = 120 g of H2O

Find: Mass percentage of NaOH solution
Solution:
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + Mass of solvent = 120 g + 30 g = 150 g

Answer: The mass percentage of NaOH solution is 20%.

 Exercise Pg 34:

A solution contains 60g of sugar is weighed 240g at room temperature.

Calculate the mass percentage of the sugar solution.

Given: Mass of solute = 60 g of sugar Mass of solution = 240 g of sugar solution

Find: Mass percentage of sugar solution

Answer: The mass percentage of the sugar solution is 25%.

 DILUTION AND CONCENTRATE
❑ Dilution ( 稀释 ) : Process of decreasing the concentration of a solute in a solution.
⮚ adding in more solvent
❑ Concentrate ( 浓缩 ) : Process of increasing the concentration of a solute in a solution.
⮚ solution is heated, some solvent is evaporated

the mass of solute does not change

Mass of solute before diluting = Mass solute after diluting
Mass of solute before concentrating = Mass solute after concentrating
The same equation can be applied to the concentrate process
 EXAMPLE
How many grams of water is needed to add into a 40 g of 30% CuSO4 olution so that the
mass percentage is diluted to 10%?
Let:
Mass of CuSO4 solution before dilution = m1
Mass percentage of CuSO4 before dilution = c1
Mass of CuSO4 solution after dilution = m2
Mass percentage of CuSO4 after dilution = c2

m1 c 1 = m 2 c 2
40 g x 30% = m2 x 10%
m2 = 120 g
Mass of water added in = m2 – m1
= 120 g – 40 g = 80 g
Answer: 80 g of water is needed to add in to dilute the CuSO4 solution from 30% to 10%.
 CRYSTALLINE AND NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

❑ Crystal ( 晶体 ) : crystalline solid which its atoms, molecules

or ions are joined together to form a regular arrangement or
repeating pattern
❑ Examples of crystals: copper sulphate, salts and mica
❑ Amorphous ( 非晶体 ) : non-crystalline solid that lacks an
ordered structure
❑ Examples of amorphous: rubber, plastic, gel and glass
 CRYSTALLISATION （结晶 ）
❑ Crystallisation: separation technique that is used to separate a solid from its solution
❑ Common methods use in crystallisation:
⮚ Evaporating the solvent from the saturated solution （蒸发溶剂）→ 溶解度受温度影响
变化比较小的固体物质
⮚ Decreasing the temperature of the saturated solution （冷却热饱和溶液）→溶解度受温
度影响变化比较大的固体物质
❑ In practical, both the methods above are using together when crystallizing solid
⮚ The solution is concentrated by heating first and then the solution is cooled to obtain
crystals
陡升型
硝酸钾溶解度随温度升高
而增大

缓升型
食盐溶解度受温度影响
不大
 PROCEDURE IN CRYSTALLIZATION

1. Prepare a saturated solution by heating the solution and

stir to dissolve all the salts completely
2. The crystal can be seen at the bottom of the beaker when
the solution is cooled to room temperature
3. A large, regularly shaped crystal can be obtained if a seed
crystal is hanging in the cooling saturated solution
4. The crystal containing water inside its structure is known
as hydrates.
 APPLICATION OF CRYSTALLIZATION IN DAILY
LIFE
Extraction of salt from seawater:

1. Seawater is first flow into the evaporating pool

2. The seawater is allowed to concentrate under

sunlight

3. The seed crystal is added into the pool and

continuing to dry under the sunlight until the salt is
obtained.
饱和溶液与不饱和溶液的相互转换