Organic

Chemistry
Organic Chemistry Has Carbon 4 covalent bonds
C has 4 valence e-’s
Low M.P.
tetrahedral
Poor conductors Slow reactors

Inorganic Organic

Contains only small

Contains Carbon!!!!
amount of Carbon (I.e.,
carbides, oxides) (CHON)
Ionic or Covalent bonds Covalent bonds
High MP, strong EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic
intermolecular forces
Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!
Alkane Alkene
Single bonds One double bond
CnH2n+2 CnH2n
Ends in -ane Ends in -ene
H H Ex. H H
Ex. H- C- C- H C2H4 H- C=C-H
C2H6 H H

Saturated
All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!
 Aromatic
Alkyne
Ring
1 triple bond
CnH2n-6
CnH2n-2
Benzene Toluene
Ends in -yne

Ex. H-C=C-H
C2H2

Unsaturated

Double or triple bonds

Alkenes & Alkynes
 Naming Hydrocarbons
Prefix Branches

1-meth 6-hex
F-fluoro-
Cl-chloro-
2-eth 7-hept
Br-bromo-
CH3- methyl
3-prop 8-oct
CH3CH2- ethyl

4-but 9-non

5-pent 10-dec
 Steps:
Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
Name the longest chain of carbons
Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
Look for branches, name, & tell where they are
Ex.
Ex. #2

H H H H CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
H-C- C- C- C- H
H H H H CH3
3-methyl hexane
Butane
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons: Contains only Carbon &
Hydrogen

Can be found in nature

Non polar
Can be straight chained or branched
Low M.P.
Soluble in nonpolar solvents

Non electrolytes
Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds
Isomers
Same molecular formula
Different structural formula
Count up the atoms, put in different order
C5H12 C5H12

-C-C-C-C-C- -C-C-C-C-
C
 Alcohol -OH
Acid End in “oic acid”
name ends in “ol” Occurs at the end of a chain
Tell what C # it is on Conduct electricity
-COOH
2-pentanol O
-C
OH
Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH CH3COOH

Monohydroxy-1 OH
Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)

Functional Groups
Table R
 Occurs in the middle of a chain
Ester
-COOC-
Draw line between single bond
O
O and C
-C
Single bond side (yl)
O-C-
Double bond side (oate)

Occurs in middle of chain

Ether
CH3CH2OCH3
-C-O-C- H on the carbon

Functional Groups Branch (yl)

Branch(yl)
ether
 Amine
Derivative of ammonia. Has
Functional Groups Nitrogen
Name ends in –amine
Must tell what #C it’s on.

-N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2

Ketone 1- ethanamine
Occurs in the middle of a chain

CH3COCH3 Ends in “one” Amide

Tell what C# Formed when one of the H’s of the amine
No H on the carbon
react w/the OH of an acid to produce an
O amide & water.
Has N and a double bonded oxygen
-C-C-C-
O CH3CH2CH2CONH2
-C-N-H butanamide
On the end. Ends in amide.
 Functional Groups

Aldehyde HO ends in “al”

occurs at the end of a chain

O -CHO
-C
H
 Substitution Addition
Substitute on atom for another Add both atoms of the diatomic
Alkane + diatomic Alkene + diatomic

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl

C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2

H H
H H Br Br
H-C-H + Cl-Cl H-C-Cl + H-Cl
C=C + Br-Br H-C-C-H
H H
H H H H

Types of
Organic
Reactions
Fermentation
Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2

C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2

Saponification
Fatty acid + strong base==> soap

R-COOH + NaOH ==>

O

3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+
Types of
Organic
Reactions
Types of Polymerization
Organic
1. Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
Reactions
H H H H H H H H
HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
H H H H H H H H

2. Addition: start with an alkene

X(C2H4) ==> H(CH2-CH2)xH

Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins

Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene

Combustion
Oxidation or burning Types of
CH4 + O2 ==> CO2 +H2O Reactions

Fractional Distillation
A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is
boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).

Cracking
A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken
down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.

Esterification
Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water