TOPIC

THE ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH

Presentor:

Dr. Renato B. Salmingo

Vice President for Research and Extension
 Research
Its Nature and Meaning
Research :
Kerlinger (1973) defines research as a
“systematic, controlled, empirical and
critical investigation of hypothetical
proposition about the presumed relations
among natural phenomena.”
Research is:
* Systematic
*Controlled
* Empirical, and
* Critical
 SYSTEMATIC
 Follows the steps and stages from
problem identification to conclusions
and recommendations.
 CONTROLLED
 Planned, no guesswork, variables are
properly labeled and defined.
 EMPIRICAL
 Based on observable evidence which
serve as basis of conclusions.
 CRITICAL
 Susceptibility to verification by the
scientific community.
 Gay (1994). A scientific / investigation of
phenomena which includes the collection,
presentation, analysis and interpretation of
facts, that link man’s speculation with reality.
 A process of scientific thinking that leads to
the discovery or establishment of new
knowledge or truth
a. based on facts
b. starts from a complex of problems
c. free from personal bias or opinion
d. uses objective measurement
 A careful, unbiased investigation of a problem
based insofar as possible, upon demonstrable
facts and involving refined distinction,
interpretations and usually some
generalizations.
 It is a process of building a model to describe a
real-life situation and/ or validating the model
through empirical observations.

 It is a systematic way of arriving at answers to

substantial and well-defined problems.
 Problem Data Analysis Results
Defined Definite Valid Reliable Accurate Logical
MUST Clear Specific Quantitative
BE Narrowed-Down Statistical
 Problem Data Analysis Results

1. Title- help define the 1. DGI (Data 1. Analyze data 1. Logical

HOW problem Gathering in accordance to Findings

2. Statement of the problem Instrument) the theoretical Conclusions
Test. framework and Implications
a. General
hypothesis Recommen-
b. Specific Validity
2. Appropriate dations
3. Hypothesis Reliability
Statistical Tools
4. Assumptions 2. Subject/
Respondent of
5. Theoretical Framework
the Study
6.Significance of the study
Population
7. Definition of Terms
Sample
8. Limitation of the Study
3. Proper
procedure for
gathering data