Graphical Representation of Data

Presented by
Group A
 Introduction
 Graphical Representation of data: Presentation/Representation of data as graph
or chart
 It is a visual display of data and stastical result.
 It is considered to be more often and effective than presenting data in a tabular
form.
 This method of data presentation provides bases for comparison, forecasting
the trends, location of positional averages (such as Median, Mode and Quartiles
etc.) and establishing Correlation.
Functions/ Objectives

 To make complex data simple.

 To make Comparison easy.
 To make more detailed analysis.
Advantages
 Graphical Representation looks attractive and impressive.
 Simple and understandable
 Comparison becomes easy
 No need of mathematical knowledge
 Helpful in predictions.
Techniques of construction of Graph

We usually draw graph on a squared paper or a graph paper. To represent statistical data
graphically we take a point O generally at the left hand bottom of the graph paper. From O we
draw a horizontal line OX and a vertical line OY so that OY is perpendicular to OX. We call
OX the x-axis, OY the Y-axis and O is the origin. It is customary to take to take the independent
variable along the x-axis and the dependent variable along the Y-axis. A convenient scale is
then chosen for each of the axes. The scale for the two axes may be same or different according
to the nature of the data. The scale should be chosen in such a way that the entire data can be
neatly plotted on the graph paper. It is also important that the scale we chose make plotting easy
and reading easy. After choosing the scale, points corresponding to the different pairs of values
of X and Y are plotted on the graph paper . The points are then joined by straight line and the
graph is completed.
Graph of statistical data

Basically the graph of statistical data are broadly classified

into two types as:
1.Graph of time series or Historigram
2.Graph of frequency distribution
1. Graph of time series or historigrams

A series formed by the values of a variable at different periods of

time is called time series. A graph of time series is constructed to show
the changes in the values of a variable with the change in time. We
take the time along the X-axis and the values of the variable along the
Y-axis. We plot the points, join them by straight line and get the
required time-series graph or line graph or Historigram. It should be
noted that in time series graph, the scale on the Y-axis begins from O.
These are easy to construct and simple to understand and have become
quite popular these days.
Types of time series graph

The time series graph are divided into three types as:
i. One variable graph
ii. Two or more variable graph
iii. Range graph
i. One variable graph

One variable graph is such type of graph in which values of only one variable
is shown with respect to some time period. As said earlier, the values of
dependent variables are taken on y-axis whereas time is taken on x-axis on a
suitable scale. Now plotting various points of dependent variable and joining
them by straight line we obtain our one variable graph.
Example
Year Production (in
100 tone) 25
Production from 2040 to 2046 in 100 tones

2040 4
20
20
2041 10 18

Production in 100 tone

2042 14 15 14
13

2043 11 10
11
10

2044 18
5 4
2045 13

2046 20 0
2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046

Years
II. Two or more variable graph

Two or more than two variable graph is such type of graph in which values
of two or more than two variables are simultaneously shown with respect to
some period of time. Whenever, two or more variables are given, then it is
preferred to use different types of line. For example: a dotted line, a broken line
or a thick line.
Example:

Import of Raw Export of Raw

Years material ( Rs.in material (Rs. In lakh Import and export of raw material from 2013 to 2019
lakh) 8000

import and export of raw material

2013 1200 2200 7000 6800

2014 1800 3000 6000

5200
5000
5000
2015 2500 4000 4000
4500

4000
3500 3500 import of raw material (Rs.
In lakh)
2016 2000 3500 3000
3000
2800 Export of raw material (Rs.
2500 in lakh)
2200
2000
2017 2800 4500 2000 1800
1200
1000
2018 3500 5200
0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

2019 5000 6800 Years

 2. Frequency Distribution graph

Frequency distribution graph can also be presented by the means of

graphs. Such graph facilitate comparative study of two or more
frequency as regards to their shape and pattern. A frequency
distribution graph can be presented in any of the following ways:
a) Histogram
b) Frequency Polygon
c) Frequency Curve or (Smoothed frequency curve)
d) Ogives or Cumulative frequency Curve.
a) Histogram
Histogram is most commonly used for graphical presentation of a continuous
frequency distribution. It consists of series of rectangle with no gap between
them. In histogram, we plot the class interval on the x-axis and their respective
frequencies on the Y-axis. Further we create a rectangle on each class interval
with its height proportional to the frequency density of the class. In histogram we
will consider two main cases in the construction of histogram i.e.
i. Histogram of equal class interval
ii. Histogram of unequal class interval.
i. Histogram of equal class interval

Histogram of equal class interval are those which are based on the
data with equal class interval. A series with equal class interval would
make a histogram including rectangles of equal width. Length of
rectangles would be different in proportion to the frequencies of the
class interval. It can be better understood with the help of following
example:
Example:

Weekly wages (Rs) No. of workers

0-20 4 Here, class interval of every class is equal.

Each class has the interval of 20 in their
20-40 8
class. So width of each class will be equal.
40-60 12 And its height will be proportional to the
corresponding frequencies. The histogram of
60-80 6
given table will be as:
80-100 3

100-120 1
 weekly wages of the workers
14

12

10
No. of workers

0
0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120

weekly wages
ii. Histogram of unequal class interval

A histogram of unequal class interval is the one which is based on the data with unequal
class intervals. When the data of class interval are unequal; width of the rectangles would be
different. The width of the rectangles would increase or decrease depending upon the increase
or decrease in the size of the class interval. Before presenting the data in the form of graph,
frequencies of unequal class interval should be adjusted. First, we note a class of the smallest
interval. If the size of one class interval is twice the smallest size in the series, frequency of
that class is divided by ‘2’. Likewise, if the size of class interval is three times the size of the
smallest class interval in the series, frequency of that class is divided by ‘3’ and so on. For
adjusting unequal class interval this formula is used:
• Adjustment factor for any class=Class interval of the concerned class
Lowest class interval
Example:
Weekly wages(Rs) No. of workers

10-15 7 In this frequency distribution, minimum class

interval in 5. Other class interval is 10 and 20.
15-20 10
Hence before drawing the graph, frequency
20-25 27 density should be calculated. It can be done by
25-30 15 dividing frequencies by an adjustment factors .
The above table is adjusted
30-40 12

40-60 12

60-80 8
Adjustment of frequencies of unequal class intervals:
Weekly Wages (Rs) Number of workers Adjustment factors Frequency Density

10-15 7 5/5=1 7/1=1

15-20 10 5/5=1 10/1=10
20-25 27 5/5=1 27/1=27
25-30 15 5/5=1 15/1=15
30-40 12 10/5=2 12/2=6
40-60 12 20/5=4 12/2=3
60-80 8 20/5=4 8/4=2

In the above table, the class interval for the first four class is 5. Fifth class however has the interval of 10
(40-30=10), which is twice as much as the class interval of the first four classes. So, frequency of the fifth
class is divided by ‘2’. Further, class interval of the sixth class is 20 (60-2=40) which is 4 times the minimum
class interval of 5. So, frequency of this class is divided by 4. Likewise, the frequencies of other classes have
been adjusted. On the basis of above adjusted table we will graph our histogram as we have adjusted it in
class with equal interval
 b) Frequency polygon

It is a graphical representation of data and its frequencies. This is similar to the histogram in
terms of displaying frequency distribution called class marks. It is formed by joining mid-
points of the tops of all rectangles in a histogram. However, a polygon can be drawn even
without constructing a histogram. For this, mid-values of the classes of a frequency distribution
are marked on X-axis of the graph; the corresponding frequencies are marked on the Y-axis.
Using a foot rule, all points indicating frequencies of the different classes are joined to make a
graph, called frequency polygon. Both the sides of the frequency polygon are extended to meet
the X-axis, at the mid-points of the immediately lower or higher imagined class intervals of
zero frequency. This is done to ensure that the area of a frequency polygon is the same as that
of the corresponding histogram.
Now we will see the example of the two way( i.e. frequency distribution with histogram and
frequency distribution without histogram) in which frequency polygon is drawn.
 Example of Frequency Polygon without histogram

Number of Here, in frequency polygon without histogram we don’t

Marks Obtained Mid point
student
graph histogram. We find frequency polygon by
0-6 4 3 computing the mid points of each class interval. We
represent mid point along the x-axis and frequencies
6-12 8 9 along the y-axis. We plot all the mid –point of each
class interval corresponding to its frequency. The line
12-18 15 15 then we get after plotting the points of x and y-axis is
known as frequency polygon without histogram. It can
18-24 20 21 be shown graphically as:

24-30 12 27

30-36 6 33
 Marks obtained by the number of student
25

20
20
Number of student

15
15
12

10
8
6
5 4

0 0
0
3 9 15 21 27 33

Mid-point
 Example of Frequency distribution with histogram

Class frequency Here, firstly we have to draw Histogram, then we have to plot
the middle point of each class interval in the top of each
0-6 4
rectangle. We find middle point by using the formula:
6-12 8 Midpoint/middle point=Lower class limit + Upper class limit
2
12-18 15 After that we have to join all the midpoint with the help of
scale and also the middle points of the class interval before and
18-24 20
after the first and last class in x-axis. Then the line which we
24-30 12 obtain is know as frequency Polygon with histogram. It can be
shown graphically as:
30-36 6
 c) Frequency curve or Smoothed Frequency curve

It is just a variant of polygon. A Frequency Curve is a curve which is plotted

by joining the mid-points of all tops of a histogram by freehand smoothed curves
and not by straight lines. Area of a frequency curve is equal to the area of a
histogram or frequency polygon of a given data set. While drawing a frequency
curve, we should eliminate angularity of the polygon. Accordingly, points of a
frequency polygon are joined through a freehand smoothed curve rather than
straight lines.
Example:
Age( Years) No of Residents

0-10 150 Here, the given data set is first converted into a histogram.
10-20 300
Mid-point at the top of each rectangle is marked. Then
these points are joined through a freehand smoothed curve.
20-30 500
It is shown in the graph.
30-40 800

40-50 1000

50-60 900

60-70 400

70-80 100
d) Cumulative frequency Curve (OGIVES)

Ogive or Cumulative Frequency Curve is the curve which is constructed by

plotting cumulative frequency data on the graph paper; in the form of a smooth
curve. A cumulative frequency curve or ogive may be constructed in two ways:
I. Less than method
II. More than method
I. Less than method

In this method, beginning from upper limit of the 1st class interval we go on
adding the frequencies corresponding to every next upper limit of the series. Thus
in a series showing 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 as different class intervals, we will find
the frequency for less than 5, for less than 10 and for less than 15. The frequencies
are added up to make Less than Ogive’.
II. More than method

In this method, we take cumulative total of the frequencies beginning with

lower limit of the 1st class interval. Thus, in a series showing 0-5, 5- 10 and 10-
15 as different class intervals, we find the frequency for more than 0, for more
than 5 and for more than 10. The frequencies thus presented make a 'More than
Ogive’.
Example:
Draw less than and more than from following frequency distribution.

Marks No. of student For less than Ogive: For more than Ogive:
20-30 7 Marks No. of student Marks No. of student
30-40 11 Less than 30 7 More than 20 93+7=100

40-50 24 Less than 40 7+11=18 More than 30 82+11=93

Less than 50 18+24=42 More than 40 58+24=82
50-60 32
Less than 60 42+32=74 More than 50 26+32=58
60-70 9
Less than 70 74+9=83 More than 60 17+9=26
70-80 14
Less than 80 83+14=97 More than 70 3+14=17
80-90 2
Less than 90 97+2=99 More than 80 2+1=3
90-100 1 Less than 100 99+1=100 More than 90 1
 120
More than and less than ogives
100 Less than Upper97limits 99 100
100
93

82 83
80
Number of student

74

60 58

42
40

26

20 18 17

7
3
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
THANKYOU