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L & F.
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KIT
Here Starts Learning…
 Introduction
LCM – Least Common Multiple

4 6

4x1=4 6x1=6
4x2=8 6 x 2 = 12 Least Common Multiple
4 x 3 = 12 6 x 3 = 18
4 x 4 = 16 6 x 4 = 24 Common Multiples
4 x 5 = 20 6 x 5 = 30
4 x 6 = 24 6 x 6 = 36
4 x 7 = 28 6 x 7 = 42
4 x 8 = 32 6 x 8 = 48
4 x 9 = 36 6 x 9 = 54
4 x 10 = 40 6 x 10 = 60
Example
Find the LCM of 32, 48, 60, 320.

4 32, 48, 60, 320

4 8, 12, 15, 80
2 2, 3, 15, 20
3 1, 3, 15, 10
5 1, 1, 5, 10
1, 1, 1, 2

4 x 4 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 2 = 960

So, the LCM of these numbers is 960

Example
Say, a flight is having 3 signal lights, at the right wing, Left wing and
the Tail. The right wing light will blink every 2 seconds, the left wing
light will blink every 3 seconds and the tail light will blink every 4
seconds. When all these lights will blink together for the first time?
sec
Right wing 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

Left wing 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27

Tail 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

So, 1st time they will blink together at 12th second

2nd time they will blink together at 24th second
36th second …

That is, every 12 multiple seconds they will blink together.

If we look at 2, 3 and 4. 12 is the LCM of these numbers.
Example
The 4 guards who are guarding a building comes back to their
starting post after every 72 sec, 108 sec, 144 sec and 216 sec
respectively. If they all starts the patrol at 2:40:00 p.m.
Then they will meet again at the starting post by what time?

4 72, 108, 144, 216 L.C.M. of 72, 108, 144 and 216 is 432.
2 18, 27, 36, 54
So, the guards will come back to the
9 9, 27, 18, 27 starting post after every 432 seconds
3 1, 3, 2, 3 (7 minutes and 12 seconds).

1, 1, 2, 1
So, by 2:47:12 all the 4 guards will
meet again at the starting post.
4 x 2 x 9 x 3 x 2 = 432
 Introduction
HCF – Highest Common Factor

1 x 24 = 24 1 x 36 = 36
2 x 12 = 24 2 x 18 = 36
3 x 8 = 24 3 x 12 = 36
4 X 6 = 24 4 x 9 = 36
6 x 6 = 36
Factors of 24 Factors of 36

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are factors of 24

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 36 are factors of 36

Highest Common Factor of 24 & 36

Example
Find the HCF of 6.16 and 13

2 616, 1300 616 1300 2

1232
2 308, 650 68 616 9
154, 325 612
4 is the HCF 4 68 17
4 is the HCF
2x2=4 of 616, 1300 68
of 616, 1300
0
Now we have to add that 2 decimal Now we have to add that
points for getting the HCF of 6.16 & 13. 2 decimal points.

So, the HCF of these numbers is 0.04 So, the LCM of these
numbers is 0.04
Example
A shop keeper wishes to use one stick for measuring all the
pipes which are sold in his shop. Find the greatest possible
length of a stick which can be used for measuring 3 different
measurements of pipes 490 cm, 840 cm, 280 cm in his shop.

10 490, 840, 280

7 49, 84, 28
7, 12, 4
10 x 7 = 70

Find the HCF of 490 cm, 840 cm, 280 cm = 70cm

So, the shopkeeper can use a 70 cm stick for his purpose
Example
A rectangular courtyard 3.52 meters long and 5.76 meters wide
is to be paved exactly with square tiles, all of the same size. What
is the number of the largest possible tiles which could be used
for the purpose?
576 cm
4 352, 576 4 x 4 x 2 = 32
4 88, 144

352 cm

11 tiles
Find the HCF of
2 22, 36
352 and 576 = 32
11, 18

That is,
18 tiles
= 11

= 18 So, 11 x 18 = 198 tiles required

Example
In a school 437 boys and 342 girls have been divided into classes
so that each class have same number of students and no class
has boys and girls mixed. What is the least number of classes
needed?

342 437 1 So, 19 is the maximum possible

342 strength of each class.
95 342 3 Boys = = 23 class rooms
285 Girls = = 18 class rooms
57 95 1
57 That is, in total we need 23 + 18
38 57 1 = 41 class rooms
38
HCF of 437, 342 19 38 2
is 19 38
0
Example
Find the LCM of , and .

Since it is in fraction, we will make all the denominators same.

We have 5, 10 and 25 as denominators.
LCM of them will be 50.
2 20, 15, 12

3 10, 15, 6
20, 15, 12 60
= 5 10, 5, 2
50 , 50 , 50
2 2, 1, 2
= 1, 1, 1
2 x 3 x 5 x 2 = 60
So, LCM of , and =
So, LCM of 20, 15, 12 = 60
Example
Find the HCF of , and .

Since it is in fraction, we will make all the denominators same.

We have 9, 21 and 63 as denominators.
LCM of them will be 63.

2 28, 30, 20
28, 30, 20 2
63 , 63 , 63
= 14, 15, 10
It’s 2

So, HCF of , and = So, HCF of 28, 30, 20 = 2

Example
The least multiple of 7, which leaves a remainder of 1, when
divided by 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is:

L.C.M. of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 is 60. Try, (60 x + 1)

So the number is 60x + 1,
And it should be a multiple of 7.
( (60 x 1) + 1 ) = 61
( (60 x 2) + 1 ) = 121
( (60 x 3) + 1 ) = 181
( (60 x 4) + 1 ) = 241
( (60 x 5) + 1 ) = 301

We need the Least value of x for which (60 x + 1) is divisible by 7

So, x = 5.

Required number = (60 x 5) + 1   = 301.

Exercise:
A gardener has to plant trees in rows containing equal number
of trees. If he plants in rows of 6, 8, 10 or 12, then five trees are
left unplanted. But if he plants in rows of 13 trees each, then no
tree is left. What is the number of trees that the gardener
plants? (a) 485 (b) 725 (c) 845 (d) None of these

L.C.M. of 6, 8, 10 and 12 is 120. Try, (120 x + 5)

So the number is 120x + 5,
And it should be a multiple of 13.
( (120 x 1) + 5 ) = 125
( (120 x 2) + 5 ) = 245
( (120 x 3) + 5 ) = 365
( (120 x 4) + 5 ) = 485
( (120 x 5) + 5 ) = 605
( (120 x 6) + 5 ) = 725
( (120 x 7) + 5 ) = 845

We need the Least value of x for which (60 x + 1) is divisible by 7

Required number = (120 x 7) + 5   = 845.
Or simply check the options, which is the multiple of 13
Note
What is the largest four digit multiple of 113?

Largest 4 digit number is 9999

When 9999 is divided by 113 the remainder is 55,

That means,

9999 – 55 = 9944 is the largest 4 digit multiple of 113

Example
Find the greatest 4 digit number which when divided by 12, 18,
21 and 28, leaves a remainder as 3 in each case.

L.C.M of 12, 18, 21 and 28 = 252

252 9999 39
The greatest 4 digit number is 9999 9828
171

So, 9999-171= 9828 is the greatest 4 digit number,

which is divisible by 12, 18, 21 and 28.

We need remainder as 3,

So 9828+3 = 9831 is the number when divided by 12, 18,

21 and 28 leaves a remainder as 3.
Example
The product of two numbers is 4107. If the H.C.F. of these
numbers is 37, then the greater number is:

Let the numbers be 37a and 37b.

Then,
37a x 37b = 4107
ab = 4107 / 1369
ab = 3

So, a and b has to be 1, 3 (in any order)

The required numbers are ( 37 x 1 , 37 x 3 ) 

=  ( 37 , 111).

Greater number = 111

Example
Three number are in the ratio of 3 : 4 : 5 and their L.C.M. is
2400. Their H.C.F. is:

Let the numbers be 3x, 4x and 5x.

Their L.C.M. = 60 x.

60 x  = 2400
x = 40.

So, the numbers are (3 x 40), (4 x 40) and (5 x 40).

So, their H.C.F. = 40.

Example
The H.C.F. of two numbers is 11 and their L.C.M. is 7700.
If one of the numbers is 275, then the other is:

LCM x HCF will give us the product of the numbers

Product of the numbers

= 11 x 7700 = 84700
Other number
= 84700 / 275 = 308