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 Blocks
• Every chain consists of multiple blocks and each block has three basic
elements:
• The data in the block.
• A 32-bit whole number called a nonce. The nonce is randomly generated
when a block is created, which then generates a block header hash. 
• The hash is a 256-bit number wedded to the nonce. It must start with a
huge number of zeroes (i.e., be extremely small).
• When the first block of a chain is created, a nonce generates the
cryptographic hash. The data in the block is considered signed and
forever tied to the nonce and hash unless it is mined.  
Uses
Beyond Bitcoin: Ethereum Blockchain

• Originally created as the 

ultra-transparent ledger system for Bitcoin to operate on, blockchain has long
been associated with cryptocurrency, but the technology's transparency and
security has seen growing adoption in a number of areas, much of which can
be traced back to the development of the Ethereum blockchain. 
• In late 2013, Russian-Canadian developer Vitalik Buterin published a white
paper that proposed a platform combining traditional blockchain functionality
with one key difference: the execution of computer code. Thus, the Ethereum
Project was born. 
• Ethereum blockchain lets developers create sophisticated programs that can
communicate with one another on the blockchain.
Tokens
• Ethereum programmers can create tokens to represent any kind of digital asset, track its ownership and
execute its functionality according to a set of programming instructions.
• Tokens can be music files, contracts, concert tickets or even a patient's medical records. Most recently, 
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) have become all the rage. NFTs are unique blockchain-based tokens that
store digital media (like a video, music or art). Each NFT has the ability to verify authenticity, past history
and sole ownership of the piece of digital media. NFTs have become wildly popular because they offer a
new wave of digital creators the ability to buy and sell their creation, while getting proper credit and a
fair share of profits.
• Newfound uses for blockchain have broadened the potential of the ledger technology to permeate
other sectors like media, government and identity security. Thousands of companies are currently
researching and developing products and ecosystems that run entirely on the burgeoning technology.
• Blockchain is challenging the current status quo of innovation by letting companies experiment with
groundbreaking technology like peer-to-peer energy distribution or decentralized forms for news media.
Much like the definition of blockchain, the uses for the ledger system will only evolve as technology
evolves.
CRYPTOCURRENCY  BLOCKCHAIN
Block Header (Cryptocurrency)

What Is a Cryptocurrency Block Header?

• A block header is used to identify a particular block on an entire
blockchain and is hashed repeatedly to create proof of work for 
mining rewards. A blockchain consists of a series of various blocks
that are used to store information related to transactions that occur
on a blockchain network. Each of the blocks contains a unique header,
and each such block is identified by its block header hash individually. 
How a Cryptocurrency Block Header Works

• Block headers are commonly used in Bitcoin developer

documentation, and help to record tasks quickly and relatively easily.
Entire blockchains can be stored in a simple database or as a flat-file.
When considering blockchains as a whole, it helps to picture them as
a vertical stack. 
• The blocks get layered—one on top of the other, with the first block
being the foundation—and they grow in height until the end of the
blockchain is reached and the sequence is complete. The first block in
the chain is also known as the “genesis block.” The layers and deep
history of each sequence is one of the things that makes Bitcoin so
secure.  
• As a part of a standard mining exercise, a block header is hashed
repeatedly by miners by altering the nonce value. Through this
exercise, they attempt to create a proof of work, which helps miners
get rewarded for their contributions to keep the blockchain system
running smoothly and efficiently. 
Block Header Components

• Each of these components is vital to creating an accurate and reliable

header. The primary identifier of each individual block is the
cryptographic hash it contains. It is essentially a digital fingerprint,
and it is created by hashing the block header through the applicable
algorithm twice. 
• The Bitcoin version number is useful in keeping track of changes and
updates throughout the protocol. The previous block hash links to the
previous block, or its parent block, effectively securing the chain. 
• The Merkle root is made up of all of the hashed transaction hashes within the
transaction. This is not as complicated as it sounds, each hashed is just further
hashed. The timestamp is included so that everyone working on the project will
be able to see a permanent, encoded record of when a particular event occurred.
It typically provides the date and time of day for that particular event and is often
narrow enough to be accurate within just a fraction of a second.

• The difficulty target is used, simply, to adjust how hard it is for the miners
working to solve the block. Lastly, the nonce is the value that miners can alter to
create different permutations and generate a correct hash in the sequence.