Optics 光學

Lenses 透鏡
Concave lens 凹透鏡
Optical Centre 光心
Focal length 焦距
Principal axis
主軸
2F’ F’ F 2F
Focus 焦點

A. Optical prosperities of concave lens

凹透鏡的光學特性

1. Parallel lights 平行光

Diverging from focus 由焦點散射

2F’ F’ F 2F
Lenses 透鏡
Concave lens 凹透鏡
2.Towards focus 射向焦點
Parallel emerging 平行射出

2F’ F’ F 2F

2.Towards focus 射向焦點

Further diverged 進一步散射

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Concave lens 凹透鏡
3.Towards optical centre 射向光心
NOT diverged (no direction change) 没有散射 ( 無改變方向 )

2F’ F’ F 2F

B. Image formation 成像
1. Object is within focal length 實物在焦距以內
Nature of image 像的性
質
- diminished 縮小
- virtual image 虛像
- erect 正立
2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Concave lens 凹透鏡
B. Image formation 成像
2. Object is between F amd 2F 實物在 F 與 2F 之間 Nature of image 像的性
質
- diminished 縮小
Light ray 光線 1 - virtual image 虛像
- erect 正立

2F’ F’ F 2F

Light ray 光線 2
Discussion 討論
1. How would light ray 1 change as the object moves away?
當實物移離，光線 1 會怎樣改變？
2. How would light ray 2 change as the object moves away?
當實物移離，光線 2 會怎樣改變？
Classwork 堂課練習
Conclusion 結論 BK3 p.182 e.g. 18.4
As object moves away, the image ___________________.
Nature of image : __________, __________, __________.
當實物移離﹐像 _________________________________ 。
像的性質︰ ___________ 、 __________ 、 ____________ 。
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
Optical Centre 光心
Focal length 焦距
Principal axis
主軸
2F’ F’ F 2F
Focus 焦點

A. Optical prosperities of convexlens

凸透鏡的光學特性

1. Parallel lights 平行光

Converge to focus 向焦點滙聚

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
A. Optical prosperities of concave lens
凹透鏡的光學特性

2. Pass through focus 射穿焦點

Parallel emerge 平行射出

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
A. Optical prosperities of concave lens
凹透鏡的光學特性

3. Pass optical centre 射穿光心

(no direction change) ( 無改變方向 )

2F’ F’ F 2F

B. Image formation 成像
1. Object is within focal length 實物在焦距以內
Nature of image 像的性質
- enlarged/magnified 放大了
- virtual image 虛像
Magnifying glass - erect 正立
放大鏡

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
B. Image formation 成像
2. Object is at focus 實物在焦點上
Nature of image 像的性質
- infinitely large 無限大
- virtual image 虛像
- erect 正立
Emerging light rays are parallel
射出的光線互相平行

2F’ F’ F 2F

3. Object is between F’ and 2F’ 實物在 F’ 和 2F’ 之間

Nature of image 像的性質
- enlarged/magnified 放大了
- real image 實像
- inverted 倒置

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
B. Image formation 成像
4. Object is at 2F’ 實物在 2F’ 上
Nature of image 像的性質
- same size as object 與實物大小相同
- real image 實像
- inverted 倒置

2F’ F’ F 2F

5. Object is out of 2F’ 實物在 2F’ 以外

Nature of image 像的性質
- diminished 縮小
- real image 實像
- inverted 倒置

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Lenses 透鏡
Convex lens 凸透鏡
B. Image formation 成像
6. Object is at infinity 實物在無限遠
Nature of image 像的性質
- diminished 縮小
- real image 實像
- inverted 倒置

2F’ F’ F 2F
 Check point p.188 Q3
(a) The image is inverted, diminished and real. (c) The image is erect, diminished and virtual.
像是倒置、縮小的實像。 像是正立、縮小的虛像。

(b) The image is erect, magnified and virtual. (d) The image is erect, diminished and virtual.
像是正立，放大的虛像。 像是正立、縮小的虛像。
 Exercise p.188 Q4
(a) (c)

(b) (d)

Note : arrow to show direction of each section of light

注意︰每段光線必須配以箭嘴以顯示光線的方向
Exercise p.188 Q5
The image is erect, magnified and virtual.
像是正立、放大的虛像。
Exercise p.188 Q6
The image is erect, diminished and virtual.
像是正立、縮小的虛像。
Exercise p.188 Q7
The focal length is 6 × 2 = 12 cm.
焦距 6 × 2 = 12 cm
Exercise p.188 Q8 (a)
Exercise p.188 Q8 (b)

Discussion 討論
Suppose there are 400 light rays emerging from the tip of the object and reach the
lens.
How many light ray can reach the tip of the image?
設有 400 條光線由實物的頂端射出並到達透鏡。
有多少條光線能到達像的頂端？

The upper is covered, 上半部被掩蓋

? How many light ray can reach the tip of the image?
Exercise p.188 Q8 further discussion 進階討論

What if the outer part of the lens is covered by a ring?

若鏡的外圍被一個圈掩蓋﹐會如何？

What if the centre part of the lens is covered by circular disc?

若鏡的中心被一個圓形碟子掩蓋﹐會如何？
Summary on images formed by lenses V: virtual
透鏡成像總結 R: real

Concave lens 凹透鏡 M: magnified

Image is always erect, diminished, and virtual D: diminished

E: erect
Convex lens I: inverted

Object position 實物位置 Image position 像的位置 Image properties 像的特性

Within focal length Same side as object

在焦距以內 在實物一方
At focus Same side as object, infinity.
在焦點 在實物一方，無限遠。
Between F and 2F Other side, out of 2F
在 F 與 2F 之間 另一方， 2F 以外
At 2F At 2F
在 2F 在 2F
Out of 2F Other side, between F and 2F
2F 以外 另一方，在 F 與 2F 之間
Very far away At F (focus)
很遠 在 F ( 焦點 )