ALTERATION IN RESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS

PRESENTED BY MRS K.KARTHIKA

 INTRODUCTION

• There are certain conditions that affect the ventilation and

transportation of oxygen within the respiratory system and leads to the
alterations in respiratory functioning
 ALTERATIONS IN RESPIRATON

Conditions
affecting Conditions Conditions Conditions
airway affecting the affecting affecting
[ dislodgement movement of diffusion oxygen
of foreign air [pulmonary transport
body ,accumul [dyspnea ,ortho oedema ,atelec [ heart failure ,
ation of pnea ,bradypen tasis ] hypovolaemia]
muscles ] a]
 CONDITIONS AFFECTING AIRWAY

• Due to the dislodgement of foreign body or accumulation of mucus may

lead to complete or partial obstruction of the airway anywhere in the upper
or lower respiratory tract.
• A low pitched snoring sound is produced during the inhalation because of
the partial obstruction in upper airway
• The complete obstruction of upper airway produces no chest movements
and an inability to cough or speak
• Lower airway obstruction is difficult to find ,as it is not always easy to
observe
AFFECTING AIRWAY
 C O N D I T I O N S A F F E C T I N G T H E MO V E M E N T O F A I R

• Certain conditions affect the rate, volume, rhythm, and effort of

respiratory like dyspnea ,orthopnea,tachypnea,bradypena
 CONDITIONS AFFECTING DIFFUSION

• Conditions like pulmonary edema and atelectasis affect the diffusion

of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary
capillaries.
 CONDITIONS AFFECTING OXYGEN TRANSPORT

• Conditions like heart failure or hypovolemia affect the transport of

oxygen and carbon dioxide via blood to and from the tissue cells and
decreases the cardiac output and it also affects the oxygenation and
body's ability to compensate
 ALTERATION IN OXYGENATION

• Hyperventilation
• Hypoventilation
• Hypoxia
• Hypoxemic
• Anemic
• Stagnant / Ischemic
• Histotoxic
• Hypoxemia
• Hypercapnia
 HYPERVENTILATION

• Hyperventilation is a condition in which you start to breathe very fast.

• Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or
panic.
• This over breathing, as it is sometimes called, may actually leave you feeling
breathless.
• When you breathe, you inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
• Excessive breathing may lead to low levels of carbon dioxide in your blood,
which causes many of the symptoms that you may feel if you hyperventilate
 DEFINITION

• Hyperventilation is rapid or deep breathing that can occur with

anxiety or panic. Results in a abnormal loss of carbon dioxide
(CO2) from the blood
 CAUSES

• Drug overdose (aspirin overdose, for example)

• Severe pain
• Pregnancy
• Infection in the lungs
• Lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or
asthma
• Heart conditions, such as a heart attack
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (a complication of high blood sugar in people with
type 1 diabetes)
• Head injuries
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Rapid, deep breathing for the first time

• Pain
• Fever
• Bleeding
• Feeling anxious, nervous, or tense
• Frequent sighing or yawning
• A pounding and racing heartbeat
• Problems with balance, lightheadedness, or vertigo
• Numbness or tingling in the hands, feet, or around the mouth
• Chest tightness, fullness, pressure, tenderness, or pain
 TERMINOLOGY

• Eupnoea: normal respiration its quiet, rhythmic, and effortless.

• Tachypnea: rapid respiration; it is seen e.g., with fevers, metabolic
acidosis.
• Bradypnea: abnormally slow respiration; which may be seen in clients
who have taken drugs such as sedatives, who have metabolic alkalosis, or
who have IICP (e.g., from brain injuries)
• Apnea: absence of breathing.
• Orthopnea: inability to breathe easily only with stand or sitting position.
• Dyspnea or shortness of breath (SOB): difficulty breathing.
• Exertional dyspnea: Difficulty breathing with activity
 CONTINUE

• Hypoventilation: inadequate alveolar ventilation, may be caused by

either
• slow or shallow breathing, or both. It is may occur because of diseases of
the respiratory muscles, drugs, or anesthesia.
• Hyperventilation: increased movement of air into and out of the lungs.
• Pneumothorax: Air or gas in the pleural cavity.
• Hemothorax: Accumulation of blood in the pleural space.
• Pleural effusion: Excessive fluid in the pleural space.
• Oxygen saturation: amount of oxygen combined with hemoglobin.
• Hypoxemia: reduced oxygen levels in the blood.
 CONTINUE

• Hypoxia: insufficient oxygen in the body tissues.

• Anoxia: without oxygen.
• Hypercapnia or hypercarbia: increased blood levels of CO2.
• Cyanosis: bluish discoloration of the skin, nail beds, and mucous
membranes due to reduced haemoglobin-oxygen saturation.
 HYPOVENTILATION

• Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs

when there is retention of carbon dioxide due to decreases in the
rate and depth of respiration and the alveolar ventilation is also
compromised
• In others word hypoventilation includes hypercapnia and
respiratory acidosis
 DEFINITION

• Hypoventilation is breathing that is too shallow or too slow to

meet the needs of the body
 CAUSES

• COPD
• Stroke affecting the respiratory center
• Voluntary breathe holding
• Drug overdose like opioid overdose
• Mountain sickness
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Early symptoms can be mild and unspecific such as

• Lethargy and tiredness
• Daytime sleepiness
• Slow and shallow breathing
• Depression
• Shortness of breath
• severity of the condition can increase with the
following symptoms
• Confusion
• Disorientation
• Visual disturbance and headaches
• Labored breathing during activity and inactivity
• Bluish lips, fingers, and toes
• Increased daytime sleepiness and fatigue
• Difficulty staying awake and prolonged sleep at night
• Seizures
• Nausea
• Abnormal breath sounds
• Diminished awareness and cognition
 HYPOXIA

• Hypoxia is a condition defined by low oxygen in the tissues of your body.

• This is a medical emergency that can impact how well your body is able
to function.
• There are several types of hypoxia that are caused by various conditions
and situations.
• This differs from hypoxemia, which is not having the proper amount of
oxygen in the blood
• It is classified into four types.
• Hypoxic hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, stagnant hypoxia and Histotoxic
hypoxia
 TYPES

• Hypoxic hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia): There is a lack of oxygen in the

blood flowing to the tissues.
• Anemic hypoxia: Blood isn't able to carry oxygen as well as it should
because of an insufficient amount of healthy red blood cells. This leads to a
lower supply of oxygen in the tissues.
• Stagnant/circulatory hypoxia: Poor blood flow leads to less oxygen available
to the tissues. This may occur in one specific area or throughout the whole
body.
• Histotoxic hypoxia: Enough oxygen is taken in through the lungs and
delivered to the tissues, but the body has difficulty using it.
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Anxiety
• Restlessness
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea
• Cyanosis
• Respiratory acidosis
 HYPOXEMIA

• In this is low level of oxygen in the blood or deficiency of

oxygen in the arterial blood .
• CAUSES
• Mismatch of ventilation perfusion ratio
• Impaired alveolar diffusion
• Decreased in the partial pressure of oxygen inhaled air
• Alveolar hypotension
 HYPERCAPNIA

• It is also known as retention of carbon dioxide. There is an

increase in the carbon dioxide level in the blood
• SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Flushed skin
• Dyspnea
• Muscle twitches
• Reduced neural activity
• Increased blood pressure