WATERPROOFING

MATERIALS
POLYURETHANE
POLYURETHANE IS A PLASTIC MATERIAL WHICH EXISTS IN
VARIOUS FORMS. IT IS THE RESULT OF THE CHEMICAL
REACTION BETWEEN A POLYOL AND A DIISOCYANATE, WHICH
IS COMPLETELY INERT AND HARMLESS TO HUMANS.
USES OF POLYURETHANES
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
HARD PLASTICS PARTS (FOR ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTS)
SURFACE COATING AND SURFACE SEALANTS
RIGID FOAM INSULATION PANELS
HIGH PERFORMANCE ADHESIVES
PREPARATION OF
POLYURETHANES
 Preparation of Polyurethane by Electrospinning.

 Preparation of Polyurethane foam composites with alkali lignin.

 Polyurethane foams from Toluene Diisocyanate.

APPLICATION AREAS OF PU
WATERPROOFING
 Flat roof
 Pitched roofs
 Balconies
 Plaza Decks, Patios
 Water Tanks
 Wet damp floor areas from internally and externally
APPLICATION OF POLYURETHANE
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE IN FLAT
ROOFS
 Polyurethane waterproofing membrane is mostly used in flat roofs and outdoor areas.

 Firstly, the substrate is cleaned and crack filling is carried out. 

 After the substrate is free of cracks, a layer of primer (Primer-PU 100) is applied and left

to dry for 1-3 hours.

 After the primer has dried up, joints and junctions are sealed using ISOFLEX-PU 500

(Polyurethane one-component, cold applied waterproofing liquid membrane) and polyester

fleece.
• AFTER THE JOINTS ARE SEALED, SKYLIGHTS, VENTILATION AND GUTTERS ARE
ALSO WATER PROOFED.
NEXT, THE FIRST LAYER OF ISOFLEX-PU 500 IS APPLIED ON THE WHOLE SURFACE
WHICH IS LEFT TO DRY FOR 8-24HOURS AFTER WHICH THE SECOND LAYER IS
APPLIED CROSSWISE.
PRODUCT DETAILS AND MARKET ANALYSIS
POLYURETHANE PRIMER ISOFLEX-PU 100
ONE COMPONENT, READY TO USE PRIMER WITH SOLVENTS.  PRIMER-PU 100 STABILIZES
POROUS SURFACES ENSURING PROPER ADHESION OF ISOFLEX-PU POLYURETHANE.
COLOR: TRANSPARENT
CONSUMPTION: 0.2/0.3 KG/SQM
PACKAGE: 17KG, 5KG, 1KG.
PRICE: RS. 426/KG
DENSITY: 0.99KG/L
ADHESION TO CONCRETE> 2N/MM2
TENSILE STRENGTH: 6.4 2N/MM2
 PU WATERPROOFING MATERIAL ISOFLEX-PU 500
ONE COMPONENT POLYURETHANE, LIQUID WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE FOR FLAT ROOFS.
OFFERS EXCELLENT MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL, UV AND WEATHER RESISTANCE BY
FORMING A UNIFORM, ELASTIC, VAPOR- PERMEABLE SEALING LAYER.
IT IS APPLICABLE EVEN ON IRREGULAR SUBSTRATES, GREEN ROOFS AND FLOWER BEDS.
COLOR: WHITE, GREY AND OTHER COLORS.
CONSUMPTION: APPROX. 1.5KG/SQM 
PACKAGE: 25KG, 12KG, 6KG, 1KG.
DENSITY: 1.39KG/L
VISCOSITY: 4000 MPA (AT +23DEGREES)
WATER IMPERMEABILITY: 5ATM
PRICE: RS.240/KG
ADVANTAGES
 Easy and fast installation

 Long term durability and wear-resistant

 Seamless Finish

 No significant load increase on lightweight decks and roofs.

 Resistant to freezing temperature

 Impermeable

 Perfect and Aesthetic appearance

DISADVANTAGES
 Costly

 Difficult to maintain uniform coating film thickness

 Has certain flammability and toxicity

 It includes two-component coatings, which is not as convenient as single-component coatings.

 CONCLUSION

 Structures like flat roofs, terrace or decks are constantly exposed to humidity, UV

degradation, weathering and mechanical wear. The answer to these problems is

Polyurethane waterproofing membrane, which can be widely used in waterproofing
projects such as roofing, basement, bathrooms, water storage tanks, swimming pools
and roof gardens. It provides excellent water proofing and beautifies the structure
too. 

 Despite being costly, it shows high resistance to standing water. In addition, it

provides a simple, secure and easy solution to difficult sealing points such as corners,
edges and joints, making up for its high cost.
EPDM Rubber
   About EPDM Rubber 
• EPDM (ethylene propylene diene monomer) rubber is a type of synthetic
rubber made from the chemicals that make up its name. 
• EPDM is a copolymer of ethylene and propylene, the amount of ethylene
varies from 45% - 75%. The diene monomer content varies from 3% - 9%.
• The demand for EPDM rubber has been the fastest out of other synthetic
rubber and hence an ever growing industry since the 2000s.
• As a result of its versatility in polymer design and performance there are a vast
number of uses of EPDM rubber. The largest industry for EPDM rubber is in the
automotive and construction industry.
• Available as sheets, containers, foam sponges, strips, cords.
 Properties 
1. Highly weatherproof. It can resist abrasion, UV rays, ozone, heat and water.
2. Steam resistant and can function up to 200 C without air. 
3. Chemical resistant. To elaborate, EPDM has good resistance to alkali, acids
and oxygenated solvents
4. EPDM has low electrical conductivity
5. Adheres easily to metals. 
6. It’s also very flexible with 600% elongation and a tensile range of 500-2500
psi.
7. Functions between -45 C to 177 C. 
8. EPDM insulates and reduces noise.
9. EPDM rubber can be finished to an extremely smooth surface
 Uses in different industries
HVAC Automotive
• Compressor grommets • Weather stripping and seals
• Wire and cable harnesses
• Mandrel formed drain tubes
• Window spacers
• Pressure switch tubing
• Hydraulic brake systems
• Panel gaskets and seals
Construction • Door, window, and trunk seals
• Roofing Industrial
• Sealant  • Water system O-rings and hoses
• Expansion joints  • Tubing
• Garage door seals • Grommets
• Pool and tank liners
• Belts
• Waterproof coating for bitumen
• Electrical insulation and stinger covers
and RV roofs.
 Usage as a waterproofing material
 Used in roofing
As EPDM rubber is much more durable and flexible than traditional roofing
systems due to its molecular cross-linked structure. EPDM roof also provides
smooth surfaces and soft edges which is ideal for making sure rainwater is
passed down to nearby gutters.
 Concrete Foundation Waterproofing
EPDM rubber concrete foundation waterproofing systems allow the substrate
underneath it to breathe. These products are vapor permeable which
means any existing moisture or dampness can escape while the EPDM
rubber still has its ability to remain fully waterproof against the elements.
 Water containment seal system
The membrane allows dams and reservoirs complete protection against water
ingress.
 Parking deck waterproofing
EPDM membrane may be laid over asphalt
and old bitumen, easy to apply, resistant to
root penetration
 Balcony waterproofing
 Foundation wall waterproofing
 Solar roof waterproofing
Market prices 
Country Price of EPDM Price of EPDM rubber
Rubber Waterproofing container
EPDM Membrane per m².
 Packaging Type: Roll
Thickness: 3mm
Bhutan Nu 320 -

India Nu 308 Nu  180

Nepal Nu 310 Nu 199

Analysis
 EPDM Rubber is a cheaper substitute for silicon and has a vast number
of resistive properties, some even better than that of silicon. Hence the
applications are many too. It is considered to be the most water
resistant rubber among all types of rubber. The unique compound of an
EPDM surface makes sure that it doesn’t get comprised by water. The
waterproof membrane is usually used in roofing. With its incredibly
durable and waterproofing qualities an EPDM rubber roof can last up to
50 years.
 THERMOPLASTIC 
A thermoplastic is a plastic polymer material that becomes pliable or moldable at a certain
elevated temperature and solidifies upon cooling. Most thermoplastics have a high molecular
weight.
 PROPERTIES OF
THERMOPLASTIC 
It is 
1. Rigid
2. Brittle 
3. Opaque 
4. High strength at elevated temperatures
5. Good chemical resistance
6. Self extinguishing
7. Low smoke emissions.
 STRENGTH INCLUDES:
1. Chemical resistance in most circumstances.
2. Electrical insulation properties.
3. Low friction.
4. Low density.
5. Elasticity.
6. Fatigue resistance.
7. Toughness.
8. Transmissivity.
9. Low friction.
COMMON EXAMPLES OF
THERMOPLASTIC 
 Acrylic
 Polypropylene
 Nylon
 Polyester
 Polystyrene
 Teflon
USES
 Acts as waterproofing material
 Used for roofing
 Used in automatic parts(making DVDs andCDs, containers
 Used as a sealants, adhesives and coating material
 Used in manufacture of ropes, pipes, insulators, etc
 PVC-BASED THERMOPLASTIC MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
OFFER A NUMBER OF DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
ADVANTAGES.

These include:
1. Proven membrane performance and track record.
2. Design flexibility for both flat and sloped applications.
3. Versatility in extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive green roof coverings.
4. Resist standing or ponding water.
5. Reliable for heat welded seams and detailing.
6. Less dependent on weather conditions at time of installations.
7. Long-term durability and water-proofing protection.
PREPARATION OF
THERMOPLASTIC
 Thermoplastic polypropylene is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer
propylene.
 Thermoplastic polyvinyl chloride is prepared by radical polymerization of vinyl chloride to produce
material composed of an average of 10000 to 24000 monomer units.
 Thermoplastic polystyrene is made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is
commercially manufactured from petroleum.
APPLICATION
 Lay and cut all membranes to the desired length, starting with the weldable selvage edge
aligned with the low slope roof edge.
 Align the weldable selvage edge with the lap line of the previously installed sheet.
 Align the sheet ends of consecutive membranes.
 Allow the membrane to relax 15-30 minutes.
 Start adhering by folding the first membrane in half, along the length of the membrane, then
peel the release liner at a 45 degree angle.
APPLICATION
 Lightly fluter the membrane and roll the exposed side down smooth-ing with your hands to
promote adhesion. Watch for wrinkles in The material, adjust speed and tension as needed.
 Repeat steps on the other side of the membrane.
 Broom in once both sides are down to promote adhesion and remove air pockets utilizing a
stiff broom, starting from the middle out to the edges.
 Roll-in the adhered membrane with 100lb split steel roller completely.Ensure the surface of
the roller is clean and free of foreign material to prevent damage to the membrane.
 Attached the membrane at parapet walls, penetrations and any anglechanges using JM
approved fasteners and plates.
MARKET ANALYSIS
 Thermoplastic Elastomer TPE Granule’s

For Roofing material

Packaging size:25kg
Ra 180/kg
 Good quality thermoplastic warehouse roofing types of roof tiles

500-999 Meters
$3.50
ANALYSIS
No variations in thickness. Thickness is controlled by the manufacture process and not the
expertise of the installer.
The thermoplastic can be easily installed over the irregular surface.
It can be installed over damp surfaces in any temperature increasing contractor productivity and
lowering installed costs.
The welded seams and flashings provide superior performance.
The price are reasonable as well as the advantages is more than the disadvantage, it is suitable to
use in both commercial and residential building.
4. PVC WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANE
PVC waterproofing membrane is a modern roofing material, which is made of high quality flexible
PVC waterproofing membrane (PVC = Polyvinyl Chloride). PVC membranes have a wide range of
benefits for any industrial, commercial or residential building, the most important being saving
thousands in remediation, repairs, maintenance, or replacement over the expected lifespan of the
building.
 If PVC sheet membrane products are installed
correctly, they will provide long term waterproofing
protection. These membranes can also be installed
over damp substrates due to the water vapor
transmission properties that are exhibited by these
products.
 Depending on the application area there are
reinforced and unreinforced membranes. Reinforced
waterproofing membrane has a reinforcing base in
the form of polyester mesh or glass fiber and it is
used for waterproofing of roofs. Reinforced
membranes have increased durability. Unreinforced
membranes are more flexible, have high tear
resistance and are used for waterproofing of
underground structures, tunnels, swimming pools.
 SPECIFICATIONS OF PVC
WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE

Since this material is quite easy to install, strong enough (great

tensile strength), has long service life, all this puts the PVC
membrane to a higher level comparing to bituminous roofing
materials. Among the features of PVC waterproofing
membrane its vapor permeability should be highlighted. Due
to this characteristic the material can let moisture out of roof
space of the building. Thus the building insulation (if applied)
does not become wet and does not condense moisture. Also, if
some parts of the membrane are damaged, vapor permeability
will also contribute to the removal of moisture from the
building. In this case there is no need to carry out immediate
repair of the roof. Most PVC membranes are also highly
resistant to mold and bacteria and can easily handle ponding or
excessive accumulation of water, like on a flat roof, although
positive falls to outlets should always be in the substrate.
ADVANTAGES OF PVC WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANES

-strength;
-elasticity and tightness;
-atmosphere and chemical resistance;
-vapor permeability at 100% water resistance;
-resistance to wind loads;
-frost-proof;
-resistant to changes in temperature;
-precision in the execution of complex elements;
-resistance to the movements of structural elements of buildings;
-resistance to oxidation and UV rays;
-high durability;
-fast to mount;
-fire resistant;
-diversity of colors.
-PVC membranes are the most environmentally friendly choice. PVC
waterproofing membranes are also recyclable, even after many years of use.

DISADVANTAGES
Requires high skill level and special tools
Difficult to bond tiles to turn-up of membrane if exposed(masonry wall
application)
Correct termination of upturn is critical
 USES

 tunnel
 roof waterproofing systems.
 In flat roofs, besides low-sloped roofs,
 upon the shower base
 Building foundation and wall waterproofing
 Waterproofing of underground galleries
 Ballasted Roofs
 Wet areas
 Hangar and planking
 Concrete Roofs
 Swimming pools
INSTALLATION OF PVC WATERPROOFING
MEMBRANE
After preparation of the basis the sheet of drainage geotextiles is laid.
Then the roof is further insulated with foam polystyrene or basalt wool.
Then you can start the installation of the membrane coating. For
waterproofing of structures with PVC membrane special hot air
welding machine and building dryers are used. Welding is carried out
by hot air using automatic equipment which optimizes the temperature,
speed and pressing force. Welding with the manual dryer is applied at
the junctions and at the places where use of machines is not possible.
This technology of bonding the two waterproofing sheets ensures
reliability of the seam and fully sealed surface. The average service life
of PVC membrane is 30 years, depending on the manufacturer and the
quality of installation. Mounting of the PVC waterproofing is carried
out in a single layer, which has a positive effect on the cost of the
work. Another advantage of the PVC membrane is that the installation
can be performed in wet and frosty weather. For contiguity of the PVC
membrane, a special laminated plate is used. Lamination is carried out
by spraying of the PVC on the metal surface. When welding the
membrane to the laminated sheet we obtain an unbreakable monolith.
 PRICE
1. INDIA MART 3. ALIBABA
WIDTH- 2METER THICKNESS- 1.2MM
MIN. THICKNESS- 0.5 MM L AND W- 20M AND 2M
MAX THICKNESS- 2MM PRICE- 10-99 SQ.M= $4.10
PRICE- RS. 100 PER SQUARE METER 100-999 SQ.M=$3.80
Application: Artificial lakes/ponds, Aqua Farming, >=1000SQ.M=$3.60
Irrigation Canals, Sewage Treatment Plants,
Overhead Water Tank Liner, Tunnel Waterproofing, etc.

2. CONNECT2INDIA
COLOR- BLACK
THICKNESS- 2-6 MM
ROLL LENGTH- 15M
AVG PRICE- RS. 90/ SQ, METER
 ANALYSIS

 PVC membranes don’t need any curing time to become waterproof and their thickness will always
be consistent throughout the entire application. PVC sheet membranes protect structures
immediately after their installation and finishes can be applied over them immediately. Due to its
structure, the PVC membrane is very strong and simultaneously flexible material which is resistant
to precipitation, ultra-violet radiation, capable to withstand heavy surface and tensile loads.,
especially considering that such materials need constant maintenance and repair.
 Membrane roofing is good for covering flat roofs. Thanks to the additional usable space on such
roofs it is possible to arrange a place for recreation and entertainment, they are covered with a
carpet of vegetation. Here the membrane covering of the roof is simply irreplaceable. PVC
waterproofing membrane can serve for almost fifty years without losing its reliability and positive
characteristics.
 Usually, the price of PVC sheet waterproofing products is slightly more expensive than other
waterproofing membranes but choosing a PVC waterproofing membrane such as Wolfin will protect
your asset for the long term, avoiding costly and unpleasant remediation and will buy you many
years of peace of mind.
CASE STUDY-LOCAL
(AMANKORA PARO)
PROJECT DETAILS
 Name :Amankora Paro
 Location : Paro, Bhutan
 Year : 2004
 Architects : Kerry Hills Architects( Won the international Architecture Award at the 2011
National Architecture Awards)
 D.P.C employed: Cementitious coating (SikaTop Seal-107KH)
SIKATOP SEAL-207
 Two-component, polymer-modified, cementitious waterproofing and protective slurry mortar
for concrete. It is slightly flexible to tolerate fine cracks and suitable in both interior and
exterior applications.
 Improves the watertightness of water-containing concrete tanks, reservoirs, and clearwells.
 Protects against water penetration, yet water vapor permeable (breathable).
 Excellent freeze/thaw resistance.
APPLICATIONS 
 Horizontal surfaces subjected to light foot traffic: Balconies
 For waterproofing of drinking water, tanks, reservoirs, and clearwells
 For internal and external damp proofing concrete, mortar blockwork and brickwork
 For sealing hairline cracks
 Basements
 Vertical surfaces
ON SITE APPLICATION
IN AMAN HOTELS
PROPERTIES 
 Protects against water penetration, yet water vapour permeable(breathable)
 Excellent freeze/thaw resistance
 Easy and fast mixing and application good abrasion resistance
 Protects against concrete carbonation
 Can be mixed to slurry or trowel able consistency
 Improves surface appearance
 Available in white and grey
 PRODUCT DETAILS
1.Sika Top Seal 107 Waterproof Coating, For Industrial Use-₹ 250/ Kg
Usage/Application Industrial Use
Types Masonry
Surface of Application Concrete
Form Liquid
Brand Sika Chemicals
Minimum Order Quantity 10 Kg
2.Sika Chemicals POWDER AND LIQUID Sikatop Seal 107 Waterproofing Chemical,  Packaging Size: 25 KG-
₹320/ Kilogram
Brand Sika Chemicals
Usage/Application WATERPROOFING
                                                           Packaging
              Size
                  25
     KG
Category Cementitious Waterproofing
Type WATERPROOFING COATING
Density Comp (A+B) = 2.0 kg/I (mixed)
 SWOT ANALYSIS
 1.Strength: good abrasion resistance and also protects against concrete carbonation making it
suitable for both internal and external use.
 2.Weakness: the liquid mix should be protected from frost
 Opportunity: serve as an example of Sikatop seal used for damp proofing in large scale
constructions.
 Threat: contains chemicals like H317,H335 and H371 which can cause
skin allergy, respiratory irritation and cancer on inhalation.
CONCLUSION 
 Sikatop seal 107 has been extensively used in all the AMAN hotel chains built in Bhutan
owing to its advantages and application over weighing its negative impact on the health of the
worker.
 This material is very easy to use and is applicable in all climatic conditions making it very
suitable and easy to work with.
 It has the advantage over other materials in damp proofing as it can be used for both
the internal and external damp proofing.
 It is very economical with prices ranging from 65-240 per kg .
NEW YAS MARINA HOTEL AT THE F1 CIRQUIT IN
ABU DHABI TERRACE WATERPROOFING CASE
STUDY
PROJECT DETAILS

Name: W Abu Dhabi (formerly Yas Marina

hotel)
Location: At the F1 Cirquit Yas island, Abu
Dhabi
Year: 2001
Architects: Lise Anne Couture and Hani
Rashid
Waterproofing agent: MARISEAL ® 710
MARISEAL ® 710
Product Description
MARISEAL® 710 is a transparent, semi-rigid, deep penetrating, one component
polyurethane primer. Solvent based. Cures by reaction with ground and air moisture
Consumption
0,15 -0,20 kg/m2 in one layer.
This coverage is based on practical application by roller onto a smooth surface in
optimum conditions. Factors like surface porosity, temperature, humidity, application
method and finish required can alter consumption
Uses
MARISEAL® 710 is mainly used as a primer for polyurethane waterproofing coatings
and polyurethane joint-sealants on absorbent surfaces like:
Concrete
Lightweight concrete
Cement screeds
Wood, etc
It can also be used as a surface stabilizer of old and brittle concrete surfaces
Advantages
Simple application (roller or airless spray)
Excellent anchoring to the surface of absorbing surfaces
Quick curing
Provides enough elasticity to follow surface movements
Stagnating water and frost resistant
Chemical resistant against oils, grease, moisture, chemicals and other liquid dirt
staining

Packaging
MARISEAL® 710 is supplied in 17 kg and 5 kg pails
CONSTRUCTION OF W ABU
DHABI
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength:
MARISEAL® 710 is a transparent, rigid, deep penetrating, one component, quick
drying polyurethane prime
Opportunity:
Provides excellent thermal, weather and UV resistance and has high sun
reflectivity
Weakness:
MARISEAL ® 710 requires special care lot of pre-works
Threat:
Heavy impacts destroy the cohesion of the concrete surface and lower its stability
CONCLUSION
MARISEAL® 710 has been extensively used in waterproofing the W Abu Dhabi at
the F1 Cirquit Yas island, Abu Dhabi
The material has a simple application and provides excellent anchoring to the surface
of absorbing surfaces
Its an economical purchase with the price of Rs. 43 for 17 kg