14.3 Cauchy's Integral Formula Theorem 1

14.
3 Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Theorem 1
Let be analytic in a simply connected domain . Then for any point in
and any simple closed path in that encloses ,
counterclockwise.
1
Let g(z) =
EM-32006
Example 1 Evaluate counter clockwise (i) if C is any counter enclosing z
= 2, (ii) if z = 2 lies outside C.
1
Solution:
Let g( = .
g(z) is not analytic at z – 2 = 0, z = 2
If lies inside C, .
By Cauchy’s Integral Formula,
{ .
If lies outside , is analytic for all .
By Cauchy’s Integral Theorem,
Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Example 2 Evaluate C.C.W
Solution:
1
.
g(z) is not analytic at 2z - i = 0
z=
If lies inside , .
i.
If lies outside , is analytic for all .
By Cauchy’s Integral Theorem,

Example 3
Integrate counterclockwise around each of the four circles.
1
Solution:
.
(a)
lies inside . .

1 (b) gives the same as (a).
(c) lies inside .
By C.I.F,
.
(d) lies outside .

is analytic inside and on .
By C.I.T, .

Derivatives of an analytic Function
1 If f(z) is analytic in a domain D, then it has derivatives of all
orders in D, which are then also analytic function in D. The values of
these derivatives at a point are given by the formulas,

1
In general,
Here C is any simple closed path in D that encloses

counterclockwise around C.

Derivatives of all orders in
1 Example 1
, for any counter enclosed the point .
Let g(z) =
g(z) is not analytic at
lies inside counter enclosed in C.
, is analytic inside and on C.
By C. I. F,

Example 2
1
for any contour enclosed the point
Let g(z) =
. lies inside .
is analytic inside and on C.
By C. I. F,

Example 3
1 for any contour for which lies inside and lie outside .
Solution:
Let g(z) =
g(z) is not analytic at z = 1and z
Since lies inside C,
is analytic inside and on C.
,
By C. I. F,

Problem Set 14.4
1
Integrate counterclockwise around the unit circle

9. the ellipse clockwise.
15. and clockwise.
Solution
Let g(z) = =
g(z) is not analytic at z=0, ,…
z=0 lies inside C.

1 { =1
f(z) = , Center =(h,k)
f(z) is analytic inside and on C. Radius =(a,b)
=1
Center =(0,0)
By derivatives formula, Radius =(,1) }
=
(c.w)

15. and clockwise
1
Solution
Let g(z) =
g(z) is not analytic at z = 4
z = 4 lies outside C.
g(z) is analytic inside and on C.
By C.I.T,
H.W 12,16

 Important Special Taylor Series
1  Some special power series
 1.
 = 1 for all z.
 3.
 4.
 5. ,
 6. ,
 7. =

15.4 Taylor and Maclaurin Series
 1 Taylor Series
Theorem
Let f(z) be analytic in a domain D, and let z = z0 be any point in D. Then there
exists precisely one Taylor series with center z0 that represents f(z).
A Maclaurin series is a Taylor series with center z0 = 0.

 Important Special Taylor Series
1
Example 1 (Geometric Series)
Find the Maclaurin series of

Solution:
,
Maclaurin series of

1
is not analytic at z = 1.
has singularity at z = 1
EM-32006
Example 2 (Exponential Function)
1
Find the Maclaurin series of .

Solution:
Maclaurin series of

1
+,
,
is analytic for all z.

has singularity at

Example 3 (Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions)
1
Solution:
Let
0
are analytic for all z.

has a singularity point at
Maclaurin series of
1
Let

Example 3 (Cont:)
1
Let
Maclaurin series of

,
1
(Since cosh z is analytic for all z)
Let
,
Example 4 (Logarithm)
1
Solution:
Let ,

1 Maclaurin series of
ln (1+z)
is not analytic at z = -1.

has a singularity point at

Example 4(Cont:)
1
ln(1-z) = ln(1+(-z))
=
=

1
Example 5 (Substitution)

Solution:
||

Example 6 (Integration)
1

Solution:
By integrating both sides,

Find the Maclaurin series and its radius of convergence.
1
3. ,
Solution:
The Maclaurin series of
The radius of convergence since the series converges for all z.

Find the Taylor series with center and its radius of convergence.
19.
1
Solution:
The Taylor series of
15.4 ex. 3,5,12,14,18,19,21
The radius of convergence

1
C HAPT E R 1 6
Laurent Series Residue Integration
 16.1 Laurent Series
16.2 Singularities and Zeros. Infinity
16.3 Residue Integration Method
16.4 Residue Integration of Real Integrals

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI
16.1 Laurent Series
32 Theorem 1 Laurent’s Theorem
Let f(z) be analytic in a domain containing two concentric circles
and with center and the annulus between them. Then f(z) can be
represented by the Laurent series.
∞ ∞
𝑏𝑛
𝑓 ( 𝑧 )= ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧 0 ) + ∑
𝑛
𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑛=1 (𝑧 − 𝑧 0 )
= ………+ + +----, 0

∞
33
𝑓 ( 𝑧 )= ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑧 − 𝑧 0 )𝑛
𝑛=− ∞
1 𝑓 ( 𝑧∗ )
𝑎 𝑛= ∮
2 𝜋 𝑖 ( 𝑧 − 𝑧 0)
∗ 𝑛 +1
ⅆ 𝑧 ; 𝑛= 0 ± 1± 2 ± …
Example 1 Use of Maclaurin Series
Solution
( )
3 5 7 ∞ 𝑛
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 (−1) 2𝑛−4 1 1 1 1 2
𝑧 sin𝑧=𝑧 𝑧 − + − +… = ∑
−5 −5
𝑧 = 4 − 2 + − 𝑧 +−…(¿𝑧∨¿0)
3! 5! 7! 𝑛=0 (2𝑛+1)! 𝑧 6𝑧 120 5040
Example 2 Substitution
34
Find the Laurent series of with center 0.
Solution
=
Example 3 Develop (a) in nonnegative power of z.(b) negative powers of z.
Solution
=1+z+ (|z|
(b)
EM-32006
Engineering Mathematics VI
Example 4 Find all Laurent series of with center 0.
35
Solution
−1 −1 1 1
= (1+ + +…)
4 −1
𝑧 (1 − 𝑧 ) 𝑧
4
𝑧 𝑧
2
…,|z|

Example 5 Find all Taylor and Laurent series of with center 0.
36
Solution
−2 𝑧 +3 𝐴 𝐵
= +
( 𝑧 −2)( 𝑧 −1) 𝑧 − 2 𝑧 −1
A (z - 1) + B (z - 2) = -2z + 3
Bz - 2Az - A + B = -2z + 3
(A + B)z - A - 2B = -2Z + 3
A + B = -2, - A - 2B = 3
B = -1, A = -1
7
f(z) =
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) (

8
f(z) =
f(z) =
f(z) =

Problem 16.1
39
Expand the function in a Laurent series that converges for 0and determine
the precise region of convergence. Show the details of your work.
cos 𝑧
1. 4
𝑧
Solution
The Taylor expansion of cos z with center is
cos z = = z - +
and the region of convergence is the whole complex plane.
f(z) = = + -…) =

3.
40
Solution
∞ 2𝑛 −3 3
𝑧 1 1 𝑧 𝑧
∑ 𝑛!
= 3 + + + +…
𝑧 𝑧 2 6
𝑛=0
5.
41
Solution 1 1 1
𝑓 ( 𝑧 )= = .
𝑧 2 − 𝑧 3 𝑧 2 1− 𝑧
= 1+z+
The region convergence is 0

f(z) is singularity in z=0
.
Find the Laurent series that converges for 0 and determine the precise
42
region of convergence. Show detail.
9.
Solution
f(z) =
f(z) =
∞
𝑒(𝑧 −1)𝑛−2
¿∑
𝑛=0 𝑛!
43
Solution

Find all Taylor and Laurent series with center Determine the precise regions
of convergence. Show details.
44
19. ,
Solution 1
∞
=∑ 𝑧 𝑛 ;∨ 𝑧 ∨¿ 1
1 − 𝑧 𝑛= 0
This function using partial fractions;
Multiply the last equality by (1-z) (1+z), we get that
1 = A(1 + z) + B(1 - z)
EM-32006
(A - B)z +Engineering
(A + B) =1
Mathematics VI
A– B =0
A+ B =1
45
A= , B =
Therefore
|z|
and
…,

21.
46
Solution
The Taylor and Laurent series with center =
= {)
The Taylor series of is,
cos (z + ) = 1- + +…
= -=

Problem Set (16.1) H.W
17 2. Ans. {f(z) =
4. Ans. {f(z) =
10.Ans. {f(z) = (9 - 3i+6(z-3)+
12.Ans. {R=1, 0
20.Ans. {f(z) =
22.Ans. {
= }

48
16.2 Singularities and Zeros. Infinity

Example 1
49 f(z) =
Solution
f(z) =
f(z) has singular point at z = 0 and z = 2
f(z) has a simple pole at z = 0 and
a at z = 2 .

Example 2 Behavior Near a Pole
50 Solution
Theorem 1. Poles
Theorem 2

Theorem 3 Zeros
51 The zeros of an analytic function are isolated; that is, each of
them has a neighborhood that contains no further zeros of

Example 4 Zeros
52
Solution
(i)
1+=0
= -1
z =
=1+
= 2z ,
has simple zeros at z

(ii)
53
=0
=0 at
= 0 at
6( z – a ) = 0 at
0 at
has third- order zero at

(iii)
54
z=
=0 at z =
=0 at z =
Hence
EM-32006
has second-order Engineering
zeros Mathematics
at z =VI
(iv)
55
z = ln 0. (not defined)
Hence has no zeros.
(v) = sin z
= sin z = 0
= 0,
= sin z = 0 at z = 0,
= cos z 0 at z = 0,
has simple zeros at z = 0,

Determine the location and order of the zeros
1.
56
solution
First of all,
When , where k is some integer
Let . Then
Now we must find the order of these zeros.
We will keep finding derivatives until we find n such that

z z
f ( z )  2 sin 3  cos  f ( 2k )  0
27
2 2
2
z z z
f ( z )  3 sin 2  cos  sin 4  f (2k )  0
2 2 2
z z z z
f ( z )  3 sin  cos 3  5 sin 3  cos  f (2k )  0
2 2 2 2
5 z 3 z z z 3
f iv ( z )  sin 4  cos 4  12 sin 2  cos 2  f iv (2k )   0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
cos
The zeros of f(z) are fourth order zeros.

No. 2 Solution
58
EM-32006
z= ± 3 ,± Engineering
3 𝑖 Mathematics VI
59
Therefore, all zeros are third-order zeros.

6.
60
Solution
f(z) =
cosh z = 0 , (cosh
cos iz = 0
iz = ,…
iz = (2n+1)
z = (2n+1)

31 f(z) =
f ( z )  2  2 cosh z  sinh z  0 at z=(2n+1)
f ( z )  2(cosh 2 z  sinh 2 z )  0 at z=(2n+1)
f(z) has fourth-order zeros at z=(2n+1)
Determine the location of the singularities, including those at

infinity. For poles also state the order. Give reasons.
18.

Solution
62 f(z) =
z–1=0
z = 1 essential singularity and z = third order pole
Hence, f(z) has essential singularity at z=1 and third order simple pole at z=
Problem Set 16.2 H.W
3.Ans (z = -81i is a fourth-order zero.)

7.Ans (f(z) has second-order zeros
14.Ans (z = i has a pole of order 3.)
19.Ans (f(z) has essential singularity at z = and
simple poles at z=, n = 0,1,2,…)

63
16.3 Residue Integration Method
Cauchy’s residue integration method is the evaluation of
integrals taken around a simple closed path C.
 f ( z )dz
c
If f(z) is analytic everywhere on C and inside C, such an integral is

zero
by Cauchy integral theorem.

16.3 Residue Integration Method
34
If f(z) has a simple pole at z=a then
(or)
=,
If f(z) has pole of order mat z = a, then
=(

Example 1. Evaluation of an Integral by Means of a Residue
65
Integrate the function counterclockwise around the unit circle C.
Solution
f(z) has a pole of order 4 at z=0 lie inside C.
=(
 f ( z )dz  2i Re s f ( z )
c
z a
sin z
 f ( z ) dz  2i Re s ( ) =2
c
z 0 z4
Example 2. CAUTION! Use the Right Laurent Series!
66
Integrate f(z) = clockwise around the circle C: =
Solution.
f(z) =
f(z) is singular at z=0 and z=1
z = 1 lies outside C.
Hence it is of no interest here. So we need the residue of f(z) at 0.
We find it from the Laurent series that converges for 0

Example 3 Residue at a Simple Pole
67
Solution
z(+1) = 0
z=0,
z=0,z=
f(z) has a simple pole at z =

Example 4 Residue at a Pole of Higher Order
68
f (z) =
(z+4)
z = -4 , z = 1
f (z) has a pole of second order at z = 1 and simple pole at z = -4.

Theorem 1. Residue Theorem
69 Let f(z) be analytic inside a simple closed path C and on C, except
for finite many singular points inside C. Then the integral of f(z) taken
counterclockwise around C equals 2times the sum of the residues of f(z) at
Example 5. Integration by the Residue Theorem. Several Contours

Evaluate the following integral counterclockwise around any simple closed
path such that (a) 0 and 1 are inside C, (b) 0 is inside, 1 outside, (c) 1 is inside, 0
outside, (d) 0 and 1 are outside.
Solutio
n The integral has simple pole at z = 0, z = 1
z (z-1) = 0
z = 0, z = 1
70
(a) 0 and 1 are inside,

4  3z
c z 2  z dz  2i Re
z 0

s f ( z )  Re s f ( z )
z 1

 2i(4  1)  2i (3)  6i
(b) 0 is inside, 1 is outside,

(c) 1 is inside, 0 is outside,
71
4  3z

c z 2  z dz  2 i Rez 1s f ( z ) 
 2i (1)  2i
(d) 0 and 1are outside,
4  3z
c
2
z z
dz  0

Example 6. Another Application of the Residue Theorem
72 Integrate tan
2
z counterclockwise around the circle C;.
z 1
Solution
tan z tan z
Let f ( z )  
z 2  1 ( z  1)( z  1) 3
2
𝑖
C
3
-
f(z) has singular point at z = 2
Z=
Z=

Example 7. Poles and Essential Singularities
Evaluate the following integral, where C is the (counterclockwise)

ellipse
Solution
73

74
The second term of the integrand which lie outside C, so that
they are of no interest here and simple poles at has an essential
singularity at 0, with residue

Find all the singularities in the finite plane and the
1 corresponding residues. Show the details .
3.
Solution
Let f(z) =
=0 z→= 0 is a singular point of f (z) and f(z) has a pole
of order 6 at z = 0.
=
=

8.
Solution
1
Let f(z) =
of order 2 at z=
= = =

1
= -2

78
1 𝑑 𝑘 −1 𝑘
𝑅𝑒𝑠 ( 𝑓 ( 𝑧 ) , 𝑧 0 )= lim (¿ ( 𝑧 − 𝑧 0 ) 𝑓 ( 𝑧))¿
(𝑘−1) 𝑧→ 𝑧 𝑑 𝑧 𝑘
0
To find the corresponding residue for the function ; K denote the order of
the pole. For this case k=2,

79
Solution

80
Solution

23 Solution
81

82

Problem Set 16.3 (H.W)
52
4.Ans (Singularity is at z = 0 and residue is 0)
5.Ans (Singularity is at z = i, Res(f,i) = 4i.Singularity is at z= -i, Res(f,i) = 4i)
9.Ans (-1)
16.Ans (
17.Ans (

16.4 Residue Integration of Real Integrals
84
Integrals of Rational Functions of cos and sin

85

Example 1
86
Solution

87
= 2= 2

Example 2
88
Solution

89

Example 3 Show that (s
90
Solution
f(x) =
f(z) = =
F(z) has simple pole at singular point at z=
z= upper half plane.
For z=

dx = 2
1
= 2=
=;

Theorem 1 Simple Poles on the Real Axis
92
If has a simple pole at on the real axis, then

Example 4 Poles on the Real Axis
93
Find the principal value
Solution
f(x) has simple poles at

94
and at in the lower half-plane,

Evaluate the following integrals and show the details
95 10.
Solution Let f(z) = =
f(z) has singular point at z =
z=
z = i lies in the upper half–plane.

96
1  d2 3 
 Lim 
2 z i  dz 2
( z  i) 

1 d 4
 Lim  ( 3) ( z  i) 
2 z i  dz 
1
 Lim (3)(4) ( z i) 
 5
1 12 6
  
2 z i   2 (2i)5 32i

dx
 (1  x 2 )3  2i Re s f ( z)
z i
Problem Set 16.4 (H.W)

2.Ans ( = ), 12.Ans (

14.3 Cauchy's Integral Formula Theorem 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

14.3 Cauchy's Integral Formula Theorem 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

14.

3 Cauchy’s Integral Formula

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

(d) lies outside .

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Here C is any simple closed path in D that encloses

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Integrate counterclockwise around the unit circle

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

A Maclaurin series is a Taylor series with center z0 = 0.

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Find the Maclaurin series of

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Find the Maclaurin series of .

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

is analytic for all z.

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Find the Maclaurin series of

are analytic for all z.

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

is not analytic at z = -1.

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Find the Maclaurin series of .

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Find the Maclaurin series of

By integrating both sides,

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

The radius of convergence since the series converges for all z.

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

The Taylor series of

15.4 ex. 3,5,12,14,18,19,21

The radius of convergence

16.2 Singularities and Zeros. Infinity

16.3 Residue Integration Method

16.4 Residue Integration of Real Integrals

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

Example 1 Use of Maclaurin Series

Example 3 Develop (a) in nonnegative power of z.(b) negative powers of z.

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006

and the region of convergence is the whole complex plane.

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

The region convergence is 0

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

Multiply the last equality by (1-z) (1+z), we get that

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

EM-32006 Engineering Mathematics VI

10.Ans. {f(z) = (9 - 3i+6(z-3)+

Engineering Mathematics VI EM-32006