Methods and Tools for BPR

An Integrated Framework for Methods and Tools for BPR Process Modeling Methods and Tools
IDEF0: Notation, Technique, Tools, & Analysis Functional Flowchart

Activity-Based Costing Supporting Technologies for BPR Activities

Groupware Process Simulation Organization Modeling Tools

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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A Framework of Integrating Methods & Tools for BPR

cost and performance data compared to the baseline activity cost data Construct/ revise static business process models
Pro. Modeling Tools

Analyze the activity costs of the process

information of a Elicit process semi-formal process and data models

ABC Tool (IDEFCost, Easy ABC)

Analyze the dynamics of the process

semi-formal process model

performance data

Model Elicitation Tools (GroupSystems V)

semi-formal data model

(IDEFine, BDF, Design/IDEF) Construct/ revise business data models

finalized process model

Simulation Tool (SIMPROCESS, iThink)

Construct formal IS models & generate information systems Target information system generated

Data Modeling Tools (ERWin, BDF)

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

CASE & Workflow Mgmt. Tools (IEF, ADW)

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Standard Flowchart Symbols

Annotation

Activity

Delay

Direction of process flow Movement/ Transportation Storage

Connector Decision Point

Transmission

Begin/End Paper document

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Functional Flowchart (Process Mapping)

A C T I V I T Y P R O C E S S C Y C L E

Customer

Customer Service 1
Enter Order

Credit Checking 2
Check Credit No Yes

Inventory

Shipping

1 0.1 0.2 ... 1 4 1 ...

Begin

1 2 3 4 ... Update Inventory

Wait for shipping

Order Processing

End
Minder Chen, 1993-2003

Ship order

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TeamFlow from CMF at www.teamflow.com

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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IDEF0 Notations
Order processing policy Work schedule

Customer order

Process Order

Processed order

Order processing system

Order processing clerks

Legends

Controls

Inputs

Function

Outputs

Mechanism Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Process Modeling for BPR

Controls Constraints Specifications Schedules

Inputs: Materials Information Suppliers Requirements

Process
1. Entry Conditions 2. Exit Conditions 3. Decomposition

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

Mechanism Systems Personnel Resources Infrastructures Costs

Outputs: Materials Information Customers Satisfiers

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ICOM in IDEF0
The ICOM of a function represents certain system principles: Inputs

are transformed into outputs, controls constrain or dictate under what conditions transformations occur, and mechanisms describe how the function is accomplished.

An IDEF0 box and its ICOM can be described as:

C I
"Inputs are transformed by the function into outputs according to controls, using mechanisms."

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Definition of ICOM
Input: Describe resources or data that are needed to perform the function
and are transformed by the function into outputs. Control: Describe the conditions, rules, procedures, or circumstances that govern the execution of the function. An arrow is a control unless it obviously serves only as input. Each function should have at least one control arrow. Most of controls are in the form of data. Output: The data or objects produced when the function is performed.

Mechanism: Define the supporting mechanisms that carry out the

function. A mechanism may be a person, an organizational unit, a physical device, or a computer program.

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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An Example of an IDEF0 Diagram

In-service asset Remove & Replace Spare asset

Detected or suspected malfunction, or Item is scheduled for bench-check Replaced asset 1 Man-hour standards and personnel availability Schedule into Shop Status records 2 Inspect or Repair

Repairable asset

Asset (before repair) Replacement or original (repaired) Assets awaiting parts

3 Monitor & Route Completed asset 4 Spare or NRTS

Asset (after repair)

NODE:

TITLE:

NUMBER:

AF

Maintain Repairable Spares (FEO)

pg. 4-5

Source: Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM): Functional Modeling Manual (IDEF0), June 1981, p. 4-5. Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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IDEF0 Diagrams as Constraint Diagrams

Function A

Function B

Function C

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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IDEF0 Model Structure

C1 I1 I2 O1

A-0
I1 C1
1

GENERAL

I2

2 3

4
A0

O1

Abstraction

The diagram A0 is the "parent" of the diagram A4.

A4

2
3

Refinement

1 2 3

DETAILED

Minder Chen, 1993-2003A42

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Node Tree
Manufacture Product

A1 Plan for Manufacture

A11 Assume a Structure and Method of Manufacturing

A12 Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to Produce

A13 Develop Production Plans

A14 Develop Support Activities Plan

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Node Index
A0 Manufacture Product A1 Plan for Manufacture A11 Assume a Structure and Method of Manufacture A12 Estimate Requirements, Cost, Time to Produce A13 Develop Production Plans A14 Develop Support Activities Plan A2 .......

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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ICOM Balancing: The Match Must Be Complete and Consistent

Parent Diagram 1 Parent Box 2 3
This arrow is a control from the parent

Detail Diagram 1 2 3
This arrow is an input from the parent

This arrow continue on the parent

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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ICOM Codes Are Written on the Detail Diagram

This is C2 below This is C1 below This is C3 below

This is I1 below

This is O1 below

This is I2 below

Box of Parent to be Detailed

This is O2 below

ICOM code must be written at the unconnected ends of all boundary arrows except for A-0 diagram and on tunneled arrows.

C1 C2

C3

1
I1

O1

2
I2 O2

3
Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Tunneled Arrows
( ) Tunneling an arrow where it connects to a box indicates that the data conveyed is not necessary at the next level of decomposition.

( )

Tunneled Arrows at Unconnected Ends Minder Chen, 1993-2003

( )
( ) ( )

Tunneled Arrows at Connected Ends

Tunneling an arrow at the unconnected end indicates that the data conveyed is not relevant to or supplied by the parent diagram.

( )

( )
( )

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Tunneled Arrows and ICOM Codes

corporate policy
( )

Control will not be shown on detail diagram This arrow is still labeled as C3

A0

PARENT DIAGRAM

C1 C3 I1

status report to controller's office

( )
O1

Output not shown on parent diagram

A2

DETAIL DIAGRAM

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Attributes of Processes
Basic
Name Description Author Audit trails Importance: Core, Critical, Strategic Value Added: Business, Customer, None Cycle time: Mean, Variance, and Distribution Cost/Unit

Performance data

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Process Evaluation
Eliminate Simplify Combine Make them concurrent Automate Create value-adding processes

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Adding Value, Not Cost and Time

Value Added Checking Preparating Searching Accumulating Moving Collating Inspecting Counting Copying Editing Reviewing Approving
Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Inputs Evaluation
Type: Data, Material Performance:
Quality Cost/Unit: include cost of processing purchase order, shipping cost, cost of the inputs, and inventory cost. Delivery timeliness Volume: Average and peak

Reduce the cost of inputs. Alternative sources of inputs. Ensure timeliness of inputs delivery.

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Controls Evaluation
Relocate or retime controls Reduce unnecessary controls Embed controls as part of the process Let the workers who perform the process conduct the checking. Improve the procedures and guidelines of the process. Empower workers to learn and think and give them authority to make decision to make changes and improvements

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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Mechanism Evaluation
Who should perform the process? Are tools used for performing the process adequate? What are emerging and matured techniques, tools, and information technologies that may help the improvement of process productivity or effectiveness? What is the cost of the resources in employing the mechanism? Are there alternatives? Are there adequate training programs for employees in using tools and methods?

Minder Chen, 1993-2003

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