REVIEW STUDY ON DISPERSING

AND STABILIZING ADDITIVES FOR

COAL WATER SLURRY / COAL
WATER AND OIL SLURRY
COAL WATER SLURRY
 WHAT IS COAL WATER SLURRY?

•  A COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURE OF FINE COAL PARTICLES

SUSPENDED IN WATER
• DEFINED BY A NUMBER OF FACTORS WHICH ARE:
• VISCOSITY ( ≤1200MPA.S )
• PARTICLE SIZE & RATE OF SEDIMENTATION
• IGNITION TEMPERATURE ( 800-850C )
• COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE ( 950-1150C )
• ASH CONTENT & CALORIFIC VALUE ( 3700-4700KCAL/KG )
 WHY ADDITIVES ARE NEEDED?

• AS COAL PARTICLES ARE DENSER THAN WATER,

THEREFORE ADDITIVES ARE NEEDED TO INCREASE
SEDIMENTATION STABILITY.
• COAL WATER SLURRY MUST BE PUMPABLE,
THEREFORE DIFFERENT ADDITIVES ARE REQUIRED TO
REDUCE VISCOSITY.
STABILIZING AGENTS
 WHAT ARE THE STABILIZING AGENTS?

STABILIZING AGENTS ARE DEFINED AS A SUBSTANCE

ADDED TO ANOTHER SUBSTANCE (SUCH AS AN EXPLOSIVE
OR PLASTIC) OR TO A SYSTEM (SUCH AS AN EMULSION) TO
PREVENT OR RETARD AN UNWANTED ALTERATION OF
PHYSICAL STATE.
STABILIZERS USED IN COAL WATER SLURRY ARE SODIUM
CARBOXY-METHYL CELLULOSE (CMC-NA), GUAR GUM,
ARABIC GUM AND XANTHAN GUM.
 WHY STABILIZING AGENTS ARE ADDED IN
COAL WATER SLURRY?

THE ROLE OF THE ADDITIVE IS TO CHANGE THE

HYDROPHILICITY OF COAL PARTICLES AND FORM A
WATER FILM ON THE SURFACE OF COAL PARTICLES,
WHICH CAN EASILY CAUSE RELATIVE MOVEMENT AND
IMPROVE THE FLUIDITY OF COAL WATER SLURRY.
 GUAR GUM
 GUAR GUM IS AN IMPORTANT AGROCHEMICAL DERIVED FROM THE SEED
ENDOSPERM OF GUAR PLANT.
 IT HAS A STRONG HYDROGEN BOND FORMING TENDENCY IN WATER
WHICH MAKES IT A NOVEL THICKENER AND STABILIZER.
 IT HAS LOW COST.
ITS ECONOMICAL NATURE MAKES IT POPULAR IN GUMS
AND STABILIZERS INDUSTRY. 
 GUAR GUM PROVIDED THE MOST SUITABLE APPARENT VISCOSITY AND
STATIC STABILITY FOR HLCWS WITH 65% COAL LOADING WHEN
COMPARED TO THE OTHERS.
 XANTHAN GUM
 XANTHAN GUM IS A POLYSACCHARIDE WITH MANY INDUSTRIAL
USES, INCLUDING AS A COMMON FOOD ADDITIVE. IT IS AN
EFFECTIVE THICKENING AGENT, EMULSIFIER AND STABILIZER
WHICH PREVENTS INGREDIENTS FROM SEPARATING.
 XANTHAN GUM IS USED AS A THICKENING AND STABILIZING
AGENT IN FOODS, TOOTHPASTES, AND MEDICINES.
 ARABIC GUM
 ARABIC GUM IS A WATER-SOLUBLE GUM OBTAINED FROM SEVERAL
LEGUMINOUS PLANTS OF THE GENUS ACACIA.
 ARABIC GUM IS PRIMARILY USED AS AN EMULSIFIER, STABILIZER,
OR THICKENER IN FOODS AND BEVERAGES. EMULSIFIERS HELP
BIND WATER AND OIL MOLECULES, CREATING A SMOOTH,
HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTION.
 CARBOXY-METHYL CELLULOSE
 CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE OR CELLULOSE GUM IS A CELLULOSE DERIVATIVE WITH
CARBOXYMETHYL GROUPS BOUND TO SOME OF THE HYDROXYL GROUPS OF THE
GLUCOPYRANOSE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP THE CELLULOSE BACKBONE. IT IS OFTEN
USED AS ITS SODIUM SALT, SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE.
 CMC-NA (SODIUM SALT OF CARBOXY-METHYL CELLULOSE; MOLECULAR WEIGHT 8×104)
WHICH IS A WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMER.
 IT CAN BE USED TO CONTROL THE YIELD STRESS AND THIXOTROPY (A TIME-DEPENDENT
SHEAR THINNING PROPERTY) OF THE SYSTEM BY CHANGING THE DEGREE OF
SUBSTITUTION AND POLYMERIZATION IN THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE, THUS, BEING
CAPABLE OF EXERTING SUPERIOR FUNCTIONS AS A STABILIZER OF CWS (COAL WATER
SLURRY).
 CMC-Na Arabic Gum Gaur Gum Xanthan Gum

less less Intermediate high viscosity

viscosity viscosity viscosity compared with
GG and AG.

  Gaur Gum
Intermediate comparatively showed good Demonstrated
stability less stability stability with better stability
regard to time

Overall best Easy Low cost More expensive

performance transportation
 REACTION MECHANISM

 The main way to stabilize CWS is to make it thixotropic.

 Coal slurry is structured and has high shear stress when it is
stationary.
 When it is applied, once it is acted by external force, its
viscosity can be reduced rapidly, and it has good fluidity.
 When it is stationary, it can restore its original structural state.
INFLUENCE OF STABILIZERS ON RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF COAL WATER SLURRY
Stabilizing agents effects on the following:
I. Viscosity
II. Stability
 EFFECT ON VISCOSITY

Effect of stabilizer type and dosage on apparent viscosity for -

250 µm particle size in presence of 0.75% sulphonic acid
• As the percentage of stabilizing agent in CWS increases, the
slurry becomes thick and its viscosity increases linearly

Effect of stabilizer and its concentration on

viscosity.
 STABILITY CAN BE DETERMINED PRCTICALLY
OR NOT?

Experimental scheme
In this experiment, sodium lignosulfonate was selected as dispersant. In the variables of coal-
water ratio, mixing time and coal particle size, the stability of coal water slurry was studied by
controlling two variables and changing one of them to determine the optimal value of each
variable in the most stable state.
CONCLUSION
COAL WATER SLURRY IS THE MOST STABLE WHEN THE MIXING TIME IS 15
MINUTES, THE MESH NUMBER OF COAL PARTICLES IS 100 MESH, THE COAL-
WATER RATIO IS 65% COAL, 34% WATER AND 1% ADDITIVE
 EFFECT ON STABILITY
• The stability of sample without the addition of stabilizing agent
decreases gradually with time and among the three stabilizing agents
studied.

Effect of stabilizing agents (GG, AG, and XG) on

stability of CWSF
 CONCLUSION

 Hence, one may conclude that stabilizers must be used in a small

concentration to obtain better flow properties with reasonable
stability.

 It seems like that obtaining a slurry of low viscosity and at the

same time of high stability is a difficult task to obtain but instead
one can obtain a slurry with low viscosity and acceptable stability.
DISPERSING AGENTS
 WHAT ARE THE DISPERSING AGENTS?

  A SUBSTANCE, THAT IS ADDED TO A SUSPENSION OF

SOLID OR LIQUID PARTICLES IN A LIQUID (SUCH AS A
COLLOID OR EMULSION) TO IMPROVE THE SEPARATION
OF THE PARTICLES AND TO PREVENT THEIR SETTLING
OR CLUMPING.
 EXAMPLE: THE INGREDIENT ADDED TO GASOLINE TO KEEP
IT FROM LEAVING BEHIND A STICKY RESIDUE.
WHY DISPERSING AGENTS ARE ADDED IN COAL
WATER SLURRY?

 FOR REDUCING THE SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY OF

COAL PARTICLES.
 FOR REDUCING THE AGGLOMERATION OF PARTICLES
IN THE SLURRY.
 FOR REDUCING THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER FOR
BETTER WETTABILITY.
DISPERSION MECHANISM IN COAL WATER
SLURRY
 TYPES OF DISPERSING AGENTS ON THE BASIS
OF DISSOCIATION

ANIONIC CATIONIC

NON-IONIC AMPHOTERIC
 INFLUENCE OF DISPERSANTS ON
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF COAL WATER
SLURRY

• DISPERSANTS INFLUENCE THE LISTED RHEOLOGICAL

BEHAVIOR OF COAL WATER SLURRY.
VISCOSITY
WETTABILITY
SURFACE TENSION OF DEIONIZED WATER
• VISCOSITY:

VISCOSITY IS THE RESISTANCE OF A FLUID (LIQUID OR GAS) TO A CHANGE IN SHAPE OR

MOVEMENT OF NEIGHBOURING PORTIONS RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER. VISCOSITY DENOTES
OPPOSITION TO FLOW

• WETTABILITY:
WETTABILITY IS THE ABILITY OF A LIQUID TO SPREAD OVER A SURFACE. IT CAN BE
MEASURED BY THE CONTACT ANGLE BETWEEN THE LIQUID AND THE SURFACE. THERE IS A DIRECT
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTACT ANGLE AND SURFACE ENERGY—THAT IS, THE CONTACT ANGLE
DECREASES WITH SURFACE ENERGY.
CONTACT ANGLE:
A CONTACT ANGLE (ALSO REFERRED TO AS A WETTING ANGLE) IS FORMED WHEN A
DROP OF LIQUID IS PLACED ON A MATERIAL SURFACE AND THE DROP FORMS A DOME SHAPE ON
THE SURFACE. THE ANGLE FORMED BETWEEN THE SURFACE AND THE LINE TANGENT TO THE EDGE
OF THE DROP OF THE WATER IS CALLED THE CONTACT ANGLE MEASURED BY GONIOMETER.

• SURFACE TENSION:
IT IS DEFINED AS THE PROPERTY OF THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID THAT ALLOWS IT TO RESIST
AN EXTERNAL FORCE, DUE TO THE COHESIVE NATURE OF THE WATER MOLECULES.
 EFFECT ON APPARENT VISCOSITY
•  TO GAIN BETTER VISCOSITY-REDUCING EFFECTS, THE
DOSAGE OF EACH DISPERSANT WAS 0.6 WT% ON THE
DRIED COAL BASIS.
DISPERSANTS APPARENT
VISCOSITY (mPa.s)
BLANK 1045.75

NSF 640.77

PPA 435.93

SMF 697.91
 GRAPH DISCUSSION

• IN THIS STUDY, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE APPARENT VISCOSITY AND SHEAR
RATE WAS FOUND IN LINE WITH HERSCHEL– BULKLEY FLUIDS39 OBEYING EQN (1)
• Τ = Τ0 + KΓN (1)
• WHERE Τ0, K AND N DENOTE THE YIELD STRESS, THE FLUID CONSISTENCY
COEFFICIENT AND THE FLOW BEHAVIOR INDEX, RESPECTIVELY
• THE APPARENT VISCOSITY VERSUS SHEAR RATE CURVES OF CWS WITH DIFFERENT
DISPERSANTS WERE SHOWN IN ABOVE GRAPH. IT COULD BE SEEN THAT THE
APPARENT VISCOSITIES OF CWS DECREASED WITH THE INCREMENT OF SHEAR RATE
(SHEAR THINNING) GRADUALLY DUE TO THE GRADUAL BREAKUP OF SHEAR
AGGREGATES. FOR CWS WITHOUT ANY DISPERSANT, THE VISCOSITY WAS THE
LARGEST AMONG ALL THE SAMPLES AT THE SAME SHEAR RATE. BY CONTRAST, THE
APPARENT VISCOSITY OF CWS WITH PPA DISPERSANT WAS THE LOWEST AMONG
THOSE THREE ADDITIVES. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT PPA, AS AN EFFECTIVE
DISPERSANT FOR CWS PREPARATION, HAD A BETTER VISCOSITY-REDUCING ABILITY
THAN NSF AND SMF DISPERSANT.
 EFFECT ON WETTABILITY
• TO COMPARE THE HYDROPHOBICITY/HYDROPHILICITY OF THE
COAL PARTICLE WITH DIFFERENT DISPERSANT, THE CONTACT
ANGLES WERE TESTED ON THE COAL SURFACES MODIFIED BY
DIFFERENT DISPERSANT WITH THE DOSAGE OF 0.6 WT%.
 GRAPH DISCUSSION

• THE CORRESPONDING CONTACT ANGLE OF NSF, PPA AND SMF DISPERSANT

WAS DECREASED TO 44.3°, 37.9° AND 52.6° RESPECTIVELY. THE ADDITION OF
DISPERSANT INCREASED ITS HYDROPHOBICITY AND THEREFORE AIDED IN
VISCOSITY REDUCTION. THE CONTACT ANGLES OF PPA DISPERSANT ON
COAL SURFACE WERE THE LOWEST AMONG THESE THREE DISPERSANTS,
WHICH DEMONSTRATED THAT PPA DISPERSANT INDUCED A SHARP
DECREASE IN HYDROPHOBICITY OF COAL PARTICLE SURFACE AND PREVENT
COAL PARTICLES FROM AGGREGATION. THE MAIN REASON WAS THAT PPA
POSSESSED A LARGE NUMBER OF CARBOXYL GROUPS, AND THESE
STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS MADE IT EASIER TO BECOME A
HYDROPHILIC SURFACE ON COAL PARTICLES, WHICH WAS FAVORABLE TO
THE WETTABILITY OF COAL PARTICLES, THUS PPA DISPERSANT WAS THE
MOST EFFECTIVE SURFACTANT.
EFFECT ON SURFACE TENSION OF DEIONIZED
WATER
 GRAPH DISCUSSION

• THE SURFACE TENSION OF SOLUTION WAS INFLUENCED BY PPA

CONCENTRATIONS SIGNIFICANTLY. THE SURFACE TENSION OF PPA SOLUTION
DECREASED DRAMATICALLY WHEN THE DISPERSANT CONCENTRATION
INCREASED FROM 0 TO 0.9 G L−1, WITH THE VALUE OF SURFACE TENSION
VARIED FROM 67.37 MN M−1 TO 34 MN M−1 WHEN MEASURED BY A
TENSIOMETER. AND THEN THE VALUE ALMOST KEPT CONSTANT WHEN THE
CONCENTRATION WAS MORE THAN 0.9 G L−1. THEREFORE, THE CRITICAL
MICELLAR CONCENTRATION OF PPA DISPERSANT WAS 0.9 G L−1, WHICH WAS
CONSISTENT WITH THE VISCOSITY-REDUCING EFFECT OF CWS WITH PPA
DOSAGE.
 SUMMARY

SURFACE TENSION
DISPERSANTS VISCOSITY WETTABILITY

BLANK Give high viscosity High contact angle High surface tension

NSF Give viscosity<SMF Contact angle<SMF Surface tension<SMF

PPA Give less viscosity Less Contact angle Less surface tension

SMF Give viscosity<BLANK Contact angle<BLANK Surface

tension<BLANK
EXPERIMENTAL ANANLYSIS
 EXPERIMENT # 1
EXPERIMENT REQUIREMENTS
 ADDITIVE &CONCENTRATION OF ADDITIVES
 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION (PSD) OF COAL
 METHODOLOGY FOR CWS FORMULATION
 RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

SAMPLE PREPARATION:
 WITH THE HELP OF JAW CRUSHER PARTICLE SIZE OF RAW COAL SAMPLE WAS INITIALLY REDUCED TO LESS THAN
3 CM AND THEN DRY GROUND BY A LABORATORY-SIZE DISC MILL.
 SOLID CONCENTRATION WAS KEPT CONSTANT AT 40% SOLIDS BY WEIGHT THROUGH ALL TESTS .WEIGHED
AMOUNT OF TAP WATER WAS TRANSFERRED INTO A 500 CM3 GLASS BEAKER, AND THEN THE WEIGHED COAL
SAMPLE WAS SLOWLY TRANSFERRED INTO THE BEAKER.
 THE CONTENTS WERE STIRRED BY MAGNETIC STIRRER FOR ABOUT 20-30 MINUTES AFTER ADDING THE ENTIRE
COAL SAMPLE. THE CWS WAS THEN ALLOWED TO STAND IN THE BEAKER FOR ABOUT 10 HOURS TO ENSURE
RELEASE OF ENTRAPPED AIR.
DISPERSANTS:
1) SULPHONIC ACID: 2) SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE: 3) SODIUM CARBONATE:

(DOSAGES RANGE FROM 0.5 TO 1.5 WT. % OF SOLIDS.)

STABILIZERS:
1) SODIUM SALT OF CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE (CMC) : 2)XANTHAN GUM:
OBSERVATIONS
EFFECT OF DISPERSANT DOSAGES ON APPARENT VISCOSITY OF -250 ΜM PARTICLE
SIZE AT 40% SOLID BY WT.%

EFFECT OF STABILIZER TYPE AND DOSAGE ON APPARENT VISCOSITY FOR -250 ΜM

PARTICLE SIZE IN PRESENCE OF 0.75% SULPHONIC ACID
CONCLUSION:

 THREE DISPERSANTS, NAMELY, SULPHONIC ACID, SODIUM TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE AND SODIUM

CARBONATE WERE TESTED THROUGHOUT THIS STUDY. AMONG THESE DISPERSANTS,
SULPHONIC ACID RECORDED THE BEST PERFORMANCE WITH 0.75 % WT. OF SOLIDS.
 TWO STABILIZERS WERE TESTED IN CONJUNCTION WITH SULPHONIC ACID DISPERSANT,
NAMELY, SODIUM CARBOXYL METHYL CELLULOSE (CMC-NA) AND XANTHAN GUM. WITH
RESPECT TO THE EFFECT OF TESTED STABILIZERS ON THE SLURRY VISCOSITY, IT WAS
FOUND THAT THEY INCREASE SLURRY VISCOSITY. CMC-NA RECORDED BETTER
PERFORMANCE WITH 0.1 % WT. OF SOLIDS COMPARED TO XANTHAN GUM.
 STABILIZERS MUST BE USED IN A SMALL CONCENTRATION TO OBTAIN BETTER FLOW
PROPERTIES WITH REASONABLE STABILITY.
 EXPERIMENT NO 2
STABILIZED COAL WATER SLURRY WITH ACACIA
• STABLE COAL WATER SLURRY COMPRISING COAL (50-70%), WATER (24-49%) AND A
STABILIZER (LESS THAN 1%). PRESENT INVENTION COAL WATER SLURRY USING
EXTRACTED ADDITIVES FROM ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS. A FAST-GROWING TREE
NATIVE TO PARTS OF INDONESIA, PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA, HAS
BEEN CULTIVATED OUTSIDE ITS NATIVE ENVIRONMENT AND INTRODUCED INTO
HUMID TROPICAL LOWLAND REGIONS OF ASIA, SOUTH AMERICA AND AFRICA
OVER THE LAST FEW DECADES. IT IS A MULTIPURPOSE TREE USED IN
AGROFORESTRY, FORESTRY AND FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LANDS.
 PROCEDURE

• STEP 1: GRINDING OF COAL SAMPLE TO 100-110 MICRON PARTICLE SIZE.

• STEP 2: TREATING DRUPES OF ACACIA WITH WATER FOR 24 HOURS AT AMBIENT
TEMPERATURE THEN FILTER IT TO OBTAIN WATER EXTRACTS OF ACACIA
AURICULIFORMIS.
OR
• STEP 3: DEFATTING THE DRUPES OF ACACIA BY EXTRACTING IT WITH PETROLEUM
ETHER AND METHANOL AND REMOVE FATTY MATERIALS BY ADSORPTION OF
METHANOL-SOLUBLE FRACTION FOLLOWED BY ELUTION TO OBTAIN SOLID SAPONIN.
• STEP 4: TREATING THE PROCESSED SAMPLE OBTAINED IN STEP 1 EITHER WITH
WATER EXTRACTS OF ACACIA OBTAINED IN STEP 2 OR WITH AQUEOUS SOLUTION
OF ISOLATED SAPONIN OBTAINED IN STEP 3 UNDER STIRRING TO OBTAIN DESIRED
STABILIZED COLD WATER SLURRY.
 CONCLUSION
 ACACIA IS NOVEL, ECO-FRIENDLY & ECONOMIC STABILIZER
ACCORDING TO INVENTION.
 IT HAS STABILITY FOR ABOUT ONE MONTH.
 ADDITIVE I.E ACACIA FOR STABILIZATION ARE MOSTLY
SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS ARE DETRIMENTAL TO THE
ENVIRONMENT AS THEY EMIT POISONOUS GASES DURING
COMBUSTION.
 ACACIA HAVE GOOD BIOMASS POTENTIAL AND BECAUSE OF
THEIR HIGH CALORIFIC VALUE ARE GOOD FUEL WOODS.
 EXPERIMENT NO 3
TO CHECK THE CHANGE IN VISCOSITY AT
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF STABILIZING &
DISPERSING AGENTS
• In this experiment we are finding viscosity
values of coal water slurries in the presence of
different concentration of dispersing agents.
•As seen in figure, the value of viscosity
rapidly decreases when a dispersing agent is
added, when the viscosity was 3050 cp in the
absence of dispersing agent. Dyna-flow-k
effects the viscosity with a great extent. When
its concentration is 0.14%, it reduces the
viscosity to 1000 cp. While in the case of  AC
1320 and NSF, their concentration is 0.5%.
•In this experiment, we use a constant
solid ratio of 63% and a constant
concentration of 0.8% dispersing agents.
•In the figure we can see that, when CMC
is added to the CWS it has different
effects on it depending upon the type of
dispersing agent added. There is no effect
of CMC when dyna-flow-k is used, but its
viscosity rapidly increases when
dispersing agents of NSF are used. At
0.01% conc, CWS viscosity is 1825 cp
and at 0.2% its viscosity is 4700 cp.
•While in the case of AC 1320 type, the
viscosity relation is linear i.e increases
with increasing concentration of CMC
 ABBREVATIONS

• HLCWS (HIGH LOADED COAL WATER SLURRY)

• CWS (COAL WATER SLURRY)
• SAS (SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCE)
• NSF (NAPTHALENE SULFONATE FORMALDEHYDE)
• PPA (POLYOXYETHYLENE POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID)
• SMF (SULFONATED MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE)
• DYNAFLOW-K (POLYIOSPRENE SULPHONIC ACID SODA)
• AC 1320 ( A DERIVATIVE OF CARBOXYLIC ACID)
 PRESENTED BY:
ERUM JAMIL
EESHA TUR RAZIA
FABIHA AQIL
KANZA ZAFAR
RUMAISA GHAURI
ASMA AHMED
SYEDA KHALIQA HAMID
THE END